Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are advancing at exponential rates, placing significant burdens on health care networks worldwide. Although traditional pharmacologic therapies such as insulin and oral antidiabetic stalwarts like metformin and the sulfonylureas continue to be used, newer drugs are now on the market targeting novel blood glucose–lowering pathways. Furthermore, exciting new developments in the understanding of beta cell and islet biology are driving the potential for treatments targeting incretin action, islet transplantation with new methods for immunologic protection, and the generation of functional beta cells from stem cells. Here we discuss the mechanistic details underlying past, present, and future diabetes therapies and evaluate their potential to treat and possibly reverse type 1 and 2 diabetes in humans.

中文翻译：

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糖尿病研究和治疗发展的新方面

1 型和 2 型糖尿病都在以指数速度发展，给全球医疗保健网络带来了沉重的负担。尽管继续使用传统的药物疗法，如胰岛素和口服抗糖尿病药物，如二甲双胍和磺脲类药物，但现在市场上有针对新型降血糖途径的新型药物。此外，在了解 β 细胞和胰岛生物学方面令人兴奋的新进展正在推动针对肠促胰岛素作用的治疗、采用新的免疫保护方法进行胰岛移植以及从干细胞生成功能性 β 细胞的潜力。在这里，我们讨论了过去、现在和未来糖尿病治疗的机制细节，并评估了它们治疗和可能逆转人类 1 型和 2 型糖尿病的潜力。