Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is one of the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected in aquatic ecosystems. It has been used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products for decades. The unique properties of PFOS, including its stability and resistance to degradation, have made it highly persistent in the aquatic environment. Because of its persistence, potential toxicity, and occurrence in aquatic ecosystems, interest in PFOS has increased in recent decades. Despite this interest, current information on the environmental distribution of PFOS in ambient surface waters of the United States is fairly limited. This critical review summarizes the currently available literature on PFOS occurrence in surface waters across the United States and highlights existing data gaps. Available data are largely from a handful of study areas with known PFAS manufacturing or industrial uses, with much of the data collected from freshwater systems in eastern states and the upper Midwest. Measured PFOS concentrations in surface waters vary widely, over 8 orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations occurring downstream from manufacturing and industrial use plants, areas near aqueous film-forming foam–use sites, and sites where PFOS precursors were used in textile treatment. Non–point source–related occurrences are highest near urbanized areas with high population densities. Current data illustrate the occurrence of PFOS in surface waters across multiple US states. Additional data are needed to better understand PFOS occurrence in US aquatic ecosystems, particularly in estuarine and marine systems and where monitoring data are not available (e.g., southwestern, central, and western United States). Additional PFOS occurrence data would provide valuable information on potential spatial and temporal variability in surface waters and possible risks posed to aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2425–2442. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

中文翻译：

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美国环境地表水中的全氟辛烷磺酸：水生环境中发生的回顾和与全球浓度的比较

全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 是在水生生态系统中检测到的主要全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 之一。几十年来，它已广泛用于各种工业和消费品。PFOS 的独特性质，包括其稳定性和抗降解性，使其在水生环境中具有高度持久性。由于其持久性、潜在毒性和在水生生态系统中的存在，近几十年来人们对 PFOS 的兴趣有所增加。尽管有这种兴趣，但目前有关美国环境地表水中全氟辛烷磺酸环境分布的信息相当有限。这篇重要的评论总结了目前可用的关于美国地表水中全氟辛烷磺酸发生的文献，并强调了现有的数据差距。可用数据主要来自少数具有已知 PFAS 制造或工业用途的研究区域，其中大部分数据来自东部各州和中西部上游的淡水系统。在地表水中测得的全氟辛烷磺酸浓度差异很大，超过 8 个数量级，最高浓度发生在制造和工业用途工厂的下游、水成膜泡沫使用场所附近的区域以及全氟辛烷磺酸前体用于纺织品处理的场所。非点源相关事件在人口密度高的城市化地区附近最高。目前的数据表明，美国多个州的地表水中存在全氟辛烷磺酸。需要更多数据来更好地了解美国水生生态系统中 PFOS 的发生情况，特别是在河口和海洋系统以及没有监测数据的地方（例如，美国西南部、中部和西部）。额外的全氟辛烷磺酸发生数据将提供有关地表水潜在空间和时间变化以及对水生生态系统可能构成风险的宝贵信息。环境毒物化学2021；40:2425–2442。2021 年发布。本文是美国政府的作品，在美国属于公共领域。