Diversifying cropping systems by increasing the number of cash and cover crops in crop rotation plays an important role in improving resource use efficiency and in promoting synergy between ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to understand how the combination of crop diversification practices influences the performance of arable crop sequences in terms of crop grain yield, crop and weed biomass, and nitrogen acquisition in a temperate climate. Two field experiments were carried out. The first was a 3-year crop sequence with cereal or grain legume as the first crops, with and without undersown forage legumes and forage legume-grass crops, followed by a cereal crop. The second experiment was a 2-year crop sequence with cereal or legume as the first crops, a legume cover crop, and a subsequent cereal crop. For the first time, crop diversification practices were combined to identify plant-plant interactions in spatial and temporal scales. The results partly confirm the positive effect of diversifying cereal-based cropping systems by including grain legumes and cover crops in the crop sequence. Legume cover crops had a positive effect on subsequent cereal grain yield in one of the experiments. Using faba beans as the first crop in the crop sequence had both a positive and no effect on crop biomass and N acquisition of the subsequent cereal. In cover crops composed of a forage legume-grass mixture, the grass biomass and N acquisition were consistently increased after the grain legume, compared to the cereal-preceding crop. However, differences in the proportion of legume to grass in mixture did not influence crop yield or N acquisition in the subsequent cereal. In conclusion, these results support that increased crop diversity across spatial and temporal scales can contribute to resource-efficient production and enhance the delivery of services, contributing to more sustainable cropping systems.

通过在轮作中增加经济作物和覆盖作物的数量来使种植系统多样化，在提高资源利用效率和促进生态系统过程之间的协同作用方面发挥着重要作用。本研究的目的是了解在温带气候下，作物多样化实践的组合如何影响可耕作物序列在作物谷物产量、作物和杂草生物量以及氮获取方面的表现。进行了两次田间试验。第一个是 3 年作物序列，谷物或谷物豆类作为第一批作物，有和没有播种的牧草豆类和牧草豆科草作物，然后是谷类作物。第二个实验是 2 年的作物序列，谷物或豆类作为第一批作物，豆类覆盖作物和随后的谷物作物。首次，结合作物多样化实践来确定空间和时间尺度上的植物-植物相互作用。结果部分证实了通过在作物序列中包括谷物豆类和覆盖作物来实现以谷物为基础的种植系统多样化的积极影响。在其中一项实验中，豆类覆盖作物对随后的谷物产量有积极影响。使用蚕豆作为作物序列中的第一批作物，对作物生物量和后续谷物的氮获取既有积极影响，也没有影响。在由牧草豆类 - 草混合物组成的覆盖作物中，与谷物之前的作物相比，谷物豆类之后草生物量和氮的获取持续增加。然而，混合物中豆类与草类比例的差异不影响作物产量或后续谷物中的氮获取。