Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs) and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits, including morphological, physiological and ecological characters, have been commonly associated with trade-offs between the cost of reproduction and other plant functions. Such trade-offs may be modified by environmental stressors, although there is evidence that sexually dimorphic responses to stress do not always exist in all plant species. When sexual dimorphism exists, sexually different responses appear to depend on the species and stress types. Yet, further studies on dioecious plant species are needed to allow the generalization of stress effects on males and females. Additionally, sexual dimorphism may influence the frequency and distribution of the sexes along environmental gradients, likely causing niche differentiation and spatial segregation of sexes. At the present, the causes and mechanisms governing sex ratio biases are poorly understood. This review aims to discuss sex-specific responses and sex ratio biases occurring under adverse conditions, which will advance our knowledge of sexually dimorphic responses to environmental stressors.

中文翻译：

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压力环境下雌雄异株植物的性别差异和性别比例

雌雄异株的植物在性特征（生殖器官）和第二性征（植物性状）上都表现出两性异形。次要性状的性别差异，包括形态、生理和生态特征，通常与繁殖成本和其他植物功能之间的权衡有关。这种权衡可能会受到环境压力因素的影响，尽管有证据表明并非所有植物物种都存在对压力的性别二态性反应。当存在性别二态性时，性别不同的反应似乎取决于物种和压力类型。然而，需要对雌雄异株的植物物种进行进一步研究，以便将胁迫对雄性和雌性的影响普遍化。此外，性别二态性可能会影响性别沿着环境梯度的频率和分布，可能导致性别的生态位分化和空间隔离。目前，人们对性别比例偏差的原因和机制知之甚少。本综述旨在讨论在不利条件下发生的性别特异性反应和性别比例偏差，这将提高我们对环境压力源的性别二态反应的认识。