The use of smart materials in three-dimensional (3D) printing incorporates a temporal dimension to the printed object in a technique that is aptly named four-dimensional (4D) printing. In most 4D designs, the smart material is used for the whole body of the object and the final configurations can be predicted with the aid of simulations. The motions of smart materials are non-linear and computationally expensive to predict even through advanced numerical solvers. To enable the ease of integration of smart materials to 3D printing, we introduce (i) standardized kinetic components made of smart materials that exhibit basic mechanical motions, such as bending and twisting, to be used as active components for mechanical assemblies with rigid parts; (ii) an open kinetic library concept where anyone can download data on kinetic components to use in their designs, as well as upload and share their own; and (iii) simulations based on the empirical method using the kinetic components in the assembly. We provide two design implementations that utilize the standardized kinetic components: an icosahedron and a mounting platform.

中文翻译：

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使用动力学组件的 4D 打印新建模方法

在三维 (3D) 打印中使用智能材料将时间维度结合到打印对象中，这种技术被恰当地命名为四维 (4D) 打印。在大多数 4D 设计中，智能材料用于整个物体，并且可以借助模拟来预测最终配置。智能材料的运动是非线性的，即使通过先进的数值求解器进行预测，计算也很昂贵。为了使智能材料易于集成到 3D 打印中，我们引入了 (i) 由智能材料制成的标准化动力学组件，这些组件表现出基本的机械运动，例如弯曲和扭曲，用作具有刚性部件的机械组件的主动组件；(ii) 一个开放的动力学库概念，任何人都可以下载动力学组件的数据以用于他们的设计，以及上传和共享他们自己的；(iii) 基于经验方法的模拟，使用组件中的动力学组件。我们提供了两种利用标准化动力学组件的设计实现：二十面体和安装平台。