The present phylogeographic pattern of red deer in Eurasia is not only a result of the contraction of their distribution range into glacial refugia and postglacial expansion, but probably also an effect of replacement of some red deer s.l. mtDNA lineages by others during the last 50 000 years. To better recognize this process, we analysed 501 sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b, including 194 ancient and 75 contemporary samples newly obtained for this study. The inclusion of 161 radiocarbon-dated samples enabled us to study the phylogeny in a temporal context and conduct divergence-time estimation and molecular dating. Depending on methodology, our estimate of divergence between Cervus elaphus and Cervus canadensis varied considerably (370 000 or 1.37 million years BP, respectively). The divergence times of genetic lineages and haplogroups corresponded to large environmental changes associated with stadials and interstadials of the Late Pleistocene. Due to the climatic oscillations, the distribution of C. elaphus and C. canadensis fluctuated in north–south and east–west directions. Some haplotypes dated to pre-Last Glacial Maximum periods were not detected afterwards, representing possibly extinct populations. We indicated with a high probability the presence of red deer sensu lato in south-eastern Europe and western Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum.

中文翻译：

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欧亚大陆过去 5 万年马鹿 mtDNA 谱系的系统发育和系统地理学

目前欧亚马鹿的系统地理格局不仅是其分布范围缩小为冰期避难所和冰期后扩张的结果，而且可能是过去 5 万年中一些马鹿 sl mtDNA 谱系被其他人取代的结果. 为了更好地识别这一过程，我们分析了 501 个 mtDNA 细胞色素 b 序列，其中包括 194 个古代和 75 个当代新样本。包含 161 个放射性碳测年样本使我们能够在时间背景下研究系统发育，并进行发散时间估计和分子测年。根据方法的不同，我们对 Cervus elaphus 和 Cervus canadensis 之间差异的估计差异很大（分别为 37 万年或 137 万年 BP）。遗传谱系和单倍群的分歧时间对应于与晚更新世的stadials和interstadials相关的大环境变化。由于气候波动，C. elaphus 和 C. canadensis 的分布在南北和东西方向上波动。后来没有检测到一些可追溯到末次盛冰期之前的单倍型，这代表了可能已经灭绝的种群。我们很有可能表明在末次盛冰期期间东南欧和西亚存在红鹿。后来没有检测到一些可追溯到末次盛冰期之前的单倍型，这代表了可能已经灭绝的种群。我们很有可能表明在末次盛冰期期间东南欧和西亚存在红鹿。后来没有检测到一些可追溯到末次盛冰期之前的单倍型，这代表了可能已经灭绝的种群。我们很有可能表明在末次盛冰期期间东南欧和西亚存在红鹿。