Viruses lie in a continuum between generalism and specialism depending on their ability to infect more or less hosts. While generalists are able to successfully infect a wide variety of hosts, specialists are limited to one or a few. Even though generalists seem to gain an advantage due to their wide host range, they usually pay a pleiotropic fitness cost within each host. On the contrary, a specialist has maximal fitness within its own host. A relevant yet poorly explored question is whether viruses differ in the way they interact with their hosts’ gene expression depending on their degree of specialization. Using a genome-wide association study approach, we have identified host genes whose expression depends on whether hosts were infected with more or less specialized viral strains. Four hundred fifty natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic potyvirus strains with different past evolutionary histories and that shown different degrees of specialization. Three disease-related traits were measured and associated with different sets of host genes for each strain. The genetic architectures of these traits differed among viral strains and, in the case of the more specialized virus, also varied along the duration of infection. While most of the mapped loci were strain specific, one shared locus was mapped for both strains, a disease-resistance TIR-NBS-LRR class protein. Likewise, only putative cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases were involved in all three traits. The impact on disease progress of 10 selected genes was validated by studying the infection phenotypes of loss-of-function mutant plants. Nine of these mutants have altered the disease progress and/or symptoms intensity between both strains. Compared to wild-type plants six had an effect on both viral strains, three had an effect only on the more specialized, and two were significant during infection with the less specialized.

中文翻译：

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一项全基因组关联研究确定了拟南芥基因，这些基因导致两种芜菁花叶病毒株感染结果的差异，这两种株的进化历史和宿主专业化程度不同

根据病毒感染或多或少宿主的能力，病毒介于通才和专有之间。虽然多面手能够成功感染各种各样的宿主，但专家仅限于一个或几个。尽管多面手似乎因其广泛的宿主范围而获得优势，但它们通常会在每个宿主内支付多效性适应性成本。相反，专家在其宿主内具有最大适应性。一个相关但探索不多的问题是，病毒与宿主基因表达相互作用的方式是否会根据它们的专业化程度而有所不同。使用全基因组关联研究方法，我们已经确定了宿主基因，其表达取决于宿主是否感染了或多或少的特化病毒株。450 株拟南芥自然种质接种了芜菁花叶病毒株，这些病毒株具有不同的进化历史，表现出不同的特化程度。测量了三种与疾病相关的性状，并将其与每种菌株的不同宿主基因组相关联。这些性状的遗传结构因病毒株而异，并且在更特殊的病毒的情况下，也随着感染的持续时间而变化。虽然大多数映射的基因座是菌株特异性的，但为两种菌株映射了一个共享基因座，一种抗病性 TIR-NBS-LRR 类蛋白质。同样，只有推定的富含半胱氨酸的受体样蛋白激酶与所有三个特征有关。通过研究功能丧失突变植物的感染表型，验证了 10 个选定基因对疾病进展的影响。这些突变体中有九个改变了两种菌株之间的疾病进展和/或症状强度。与野生型植物相比，6 种对两种病毒株都有影响，3 种只对更特化的病毒株有影响，2 种在感染不太特化的病毒株时有显着影响。