DNA vaccines have emerged as innovative approaches that have great potential to overcome the limitations of current conventional vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are often safer than other vaccines because they carry only antigen genetic information, are more stable and easier to produce, and can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the results of ongoing clinical trials are very promising, some limitations compromise the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Thus, this review describes different strategies that can be explored to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines, including the optimization of the plasmid vector backbone, the use of different methods for vaccine delivery, the use of alternative administration routes and the inclusion of adjuvants. In combination, these improvements could lead to the successful clinical use of plasmid DNA vaccines.

DNA 疫苗已成为创新方法，具有克服当前常规疫苗局限性的巨大潜力。质粒 DNA 疫苗通常比其他疫苗更安全，因为它们只携带抗原遗传信息，更稳定且更容易生产，并且可以刺激体液和细胞免疫反应。尽管正在进行的临床试验的结果非常有希望，但一些限制会损害这些疫苗的免疫原性。因此，本综述描述了可以探索提高质粒 DNA 疫苗免疫原性的不同策略，包括优化质粒载体骨架、使用不同的疫苗递送方法、使用替代给药途径和加入佐剂。结合，