2D nanomaterials are widely investigated for biomedical applications, attributed to their large specific surface area, high therapeutic loading capacity, and unique optical, thermal, and/or electronic characteristics. Lattice defects affect the theranostic performance of 2D nanomaterials significantly by altering their electronic properties and chemical binding. Recent investigations have shown that defect-rich 2D nanomaterials are capable of enhancing tumor treatment through efficient drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapies (PTT and PDT), and improving diagnostics via computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging. This review summarizes recent progresses, including synthesis, characterization approach, and applications of defect-engineered 2D nanomaterials that are potentially useful in cancer treatment. The expert opinions are also proposed as the conclusion.

二维纳米材料因其大比表面积、高治疗负载能力以及独特的光学、热和/或电子特性而被广泛研究用于生物医学应用。晶格缺陷通过改变其电子特性和化学结合显着影响二维纳米材料的治疗诊断性能。最近的研究表明，富含缺陷的二维纳米材料能够通过有效的药物递送、光热和光动力疗法（PTT 和 PDT）增强肿瘤治疗，并通过计算机断层扫描 (CT)、光声和磁共振成像改善诊断。这篇综述总结了最近的进展，包括合成、表征方法和缺陷工程二维纳米材料的应用，这些材料可能在癌症治疗中有用。