The study of the bifactor structure of psychopathology, which includes a general factor of psychopathology (or p factor) in addition to the internalizing and externalizing factors, has gained attention. However, its associations with the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality has been addressed in few studies, and none has examined different plausible etiological models (i.e., continuity, pathoplasty, complication) to explain its relationship, which is the aim of the present research. Additionally, the longitudinal association of the General Factor of Personality (GFP) and the p factor will be also explored. Personality and psychopathological symptoms of high school students were assessed at three time points (once a year) (n = 655; M = 13.79, SD = 1.24; 49.8% girls). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (and measurement invariance across waves) were tested for the traits, the GFP and the bifactor model of psychopathology. While the bifactor model and the one-factor solution for each personality trait displayed good fit to the data and remained invariant over time, the structure of the GFP was adequate and invariant in two of the three waves. The resulting factors were included in cross-lagged panel models and showed that the FFM traits and the psychopathology factors influenced each other reciprocally. Most associations fell in line with the continuity model, but minor pathoplastic and complication effects were also reported. Similar associations were found between the GFP and the p factor. These results suggest that interventions in riskier personality profiles might prevent the development of general and more specific psychopathology spectra.

对精神病理学双因素结构的研究，除了内化和外化因素外，还包括一个精神病理学的一般因素（或 p 因素），已引起人们的关注。然而，它与人格五因素模型 (FFM) 的关联在少数研究中得到了解决，并且没有人研究过不同的合理病因模型（即连续性、病理成形、并发症）来解释其关系，这是本研究的目的。目前的研究。此外，还将探讨人格一般因素 (GFP) 和 p 因素的纵向关联。在三个时间点（每年一次）评估高中生的人格和精神病理学症状（n = 655；M  = 13.79，SD = 1.24; 49.8% 的女孩）。对特征、GFP 和精神病理学双因子模型进行了验证性因素分析（和跨波测量的不变性）。虽然双因子模型和每个人格特质的单因子解决方案显示出与数据的良好拟合并且随着时间的推移保持不变，但 GFP 的结构在三个波中的两个波中是足够的和不变的。由此产生的因素被包含在交叉滞后面板模型中，并表明 FFM 特征和精神病理学因素相互影响。大多数关联符合连续性模型，但也报告了轻微的病理性和并发症影响。在 GFP 和 p 因子之间发现了类似的关联。