Robots start to play a role in our social landscape, and they are progressively becoming responsive, both physically and socially. It begs the question of how humans react to and interact with robots in a coordinated manner and what the neural underpinnings of such behavior are. This exploratory study aims to understand the differences in human-human and human-robot interactions at a behavioral level and from a neurophysiological perspective. For this purpose, we adapted a collaborative dynamical paradigm from the literature. We asked twelve participants to hold two corners of a tablet while collaboratively guiding a ball around a circular track either with another participant or a robot. In irregular intervals, the ball was perturbed outward creating an artificial error in the behavior, which required corrective measures to return to the circular track again. Concurrently, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG). In the behavioral data, we found an increased velocity and positional error of the ball from the track in the human-human condition vs. human-robot condition. For the EEG data, we computed event-related potentials. We found a significant difference between human and robot partners driven by significant clusters at fronto-central electrodes. The amplitudes were stronger with a robot partner, suggesting a different neural processing. All in all, our exploratory study suggests that coordinating with robots affects action monitoring related processing. In the investigated paradigm, human participants treat errors during human-robot interaction differently from those made during interactions with other humans. These results can improve communication between humans and robot with the use of neural activity in real-time.

中文翻译：

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与机器人合作伙伴协调会影响动作监控相关的神经处理

机器人开始在我们的社交环境中发挥作用，并且它们在身体和社交方面都逐渐变得敏感。它回避了人类如何以协调的方式对机器人做出反应和互动的问题，以及这种行为的神经基础是什么。这项探索性研究旨在从行为层面和神经生理学角度了解人与人之间和人与机器人之间的交互差异。为此，我们采用了文献中的协作动态范式。我们要求 12 名参与者握住平板电脑的两个角，同时与另一名参与者或机器人协作引导球绕圆形轨道。在不规则的间隔中，球被向外扰动，造成行为中的人为错误，这需要采取纠正措施才能再次回到圆形轨道。同时，我们记录了脑电图（EEG）。在行为数据中，我们发现在人与人的条件下与人与机器人的条件下，球从轨道上的速度和位置误差增加。对于 EEG 数据，我们计算了事件相关电位。我们发现由额中央电极处的显着簇驱动的人类和机器人伙伴之间存在显着差异。机器人伙伴的振幅更强，表明不同的神经处理。总而言之，我们的探索性研究表明，与机器人协调会影响与动作监控相关的处理。在调查的范式中，人类参与者对待人机交互过程中的错误与与其他人交互过程中出现的错误不同。