Understanding the impacts of cropping systems is crucial for agricultural sustainability. A study was conducted at New Mexico State University Agriculture Science Center at Los Lunas, New Mexico, United States, to investigate the effect of crop management practices on selected soil measurements. Four management systems on medium- to fine-textured surface soil, and two other management systems on coarse-textured surface soil were assessed. Management systems within the medium- to fine-textured soils included tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum [Schreb.]) permanent grass fields (TFC), peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) orchards with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) ground cover (PCC), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; ALF), and conventionally tilled land with annual crop rotations (CTC). The two systems studied in the coarse-textured soils were conventionally tilled soil with annual crop rotation (CTS) and young cottonwood tree (Populus deltoides W. Bartram) orchards (CWS). Soil samples were collected in three fields for each of the management systems at 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm. Twelve out of the 16 soil measurements assessed in the upper depth varied significantly with management system, while 10 out of the 16 measurements were significantly affected at the lower depth. With regard to agricultural productivity, management systems with permanent ground covers (TFC, PCC, and ALF) had more favorable soil characteristics compared to the conventionally tilled systems (CTC and CTS) or the system with no ground cover (CWS), while the management systems in medium- to fine-textured soils (TFC, PCC, ALF, and CTC) had more favorable soil characteristics than the coarse-textured soils (CTS and CWS). At the upper depth, the soil organic matter, a leading indicator of soil quality, was higher in the TFC (29.20 g kg−1) and PCC (21.30 g kg−1), both having permanent cover, than in the CTC (8.63 g kg−1), CWS (6.36 g kg−1), and CTS (8.30 g kg−1). Soil nutrients were generally higher in the PCC and ALF, which had leguminous crops, indicating the beneficial effects of legumes in nutrient cycling of arid soils. Importantly, management impact on most soil characteristics was similar across both depths, indicating that sampling at 0 to 15 cm alone may be sufficient for evaluating the impacts of crop management systems on soil quality. This study shows that management systems, soil, and crop types are factors that need to be considered for sustainable management of soil quality in arid agroecosystems.

中文翻译：

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选定的管理实践对灌溉干旱农业生态系统土壤质量的影响

了解种植系统的影响对于农业可持续性至关重要。在美国新墨西哥州洛斯卢纳斯的新墨西哥州立大学农业科学中心进行了一项研究，以调查作物管理实践对选定土壤测量的影响。对中至细质地表层土壤的四种管理系统和粗质地表层土壤的另外两种管理系统进行了评估。中至细质地土壤中的管理系统包括高羊茅（Lolium arundinaceum [Schreb.]）永久性草地（TFC）、桃（Prunus persica [L.] Batsch）果园和白三叶草（Trifolium repens L.）覆盖 (PCC)、苜蓿 (Medicago sativa L.；ALF) 和一年生轮作的常规耕地 (CTC)。在粗质地土壤中研究的两个系统是一年生轮作 (CTS) 和年轻的三叶杨 (Populus deltoides W. Bartram) 果园 (CWS) 的常规耕作土壤。在 0 到 15 厘米和 15 到 30 厘米的每个管理系统的三个田地中收集土壤样品。在上层深度评估的 16 项土壤测量中，有 12 项随管理系统而显着变化，而 16 项测量中有 10 项在较低深度受到显着影响。在农业生产力方面，与常规耕作系统（CTC 和 CTS）或无地被覆盖系统（CWS）相比，具有永久地被覆物的管理系统（TFC、PCC 和 ALF）具有更有利的土壤特性，而管理系统中至细质地土壤（TFC、PCC、ALF、和 CTC) 比粗质地土壤 (CTS 和 CWS) 具有更有利的土壤特性。在上层深度，作为土壤质量领先指标的土壤有机质在 TFC (29.20 g kg-1) 和 PCC (21.30 g kg-1) 中高于 CTC (8.63 g kg-1)、CWS (6.36 g kg-1) 和 CTS (8.30 g kg-1)。PCC 和 ALF 的土壤养分普遍较高，其中种植豆科作物，表明豆科植物在干旱土壤养分循环中的有益作用。重要的是，管理对大多数土壤特征的影响在两个深度上是相似的，这表明仅在 0 到 15 厘米处取样可能足以评估作物管理系统对土壤质量的影响。这项研究表明，管理系统、土壤、