This study investigates a population of red deer Cervus elaphus, founded by 10 individuals introduced in the nineteenth century from Germany to the Voronezh region of the European part of Southern Russia and then developed without further introductions. We characterize for the first time the vocal phenotype of the Voronezh red deer male rutting calls in comparison with similar data on the Pannonian (native Central European) and Iberian (native West European) red deer obtained by the authors during preceding studies. In addition, we provide for the first time the genetic data on Pannonian red deer. In Voronezh stags, the number of roars per bout (2.85 ± 1.79) was lower than in Pannonian (3.18 ± 2.17) but higher than in Iberian (2.11 ± 1.71) stags. In Voronezh stags, the duration of main (the longest within bouts) roars was longer (2.46 ± 1.14 s) than in Pannonian (1.13 ± 0.50 s) or Iberian (1.90 ± 0.50 s) stags. The maximum fundamental frequency of main roars was similar between Voronezh (175 ± 60 Hz) and Pannonian (168 ± 61 Hz) but higher in Iberian stags (223 ± 35 Hz). Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis of red deer from the three study populations partially supports the bioacoustical data, of closer similarity between Voronezh and Pannonian populations. In contrast, microsatellite DNA analysis delineates Voronezh red deer from either Pannonian or Iberian red deer. We discuss that population bottlenecking might affect the acoustics of the rutting roars, in addition to genotype.

这项研究调查了一个马鹿Cervus elaphus，由 10 个人在 19 世纪从德国引入俄罗斯南部欧洲部分的沃罗涅日地区创建，然后在没有进一步介绍的情况下发展。与作者在之前的研究中获得的潘诺尼亚（中欧本土）和伊比利亚（西欧本土）马鹿的类似数据相比，我们首次表征了沃罗涅日马鹿雄性车辙呼叫的声音表型。此外，我们首次提供了潘诺尼亚马鹿的基因数据。在沃罗涅日雄鹿中，每回合的咆哮次数 (2.85 ± 1.79) 低于潘诺尼亚 (3.18 ± 2.17)，但高于伊比利亚 (2.11 ± 1.71) 雄鹿。在沃罗涅日雄鹿中，主要（回合内最长）咆哮的持续时间（2.46 ± 1.14 s）比潘诺尼亚（1.13 ± 0.50 s）或伊比利亚（1.90 ± 0）更长。50 s) 雄鹿。Voronezh (175 ± 60 Hz) 和 Pannonian (168 ± 61 Hz) 之间的主要咆哮的最大基频相似，但伊比利亚雄鹿 (223 ± 35 Hz) 更高。线粒体细胞色素b来自三个研究种群的马鹿的基因分析部分支持了生物声学数据，沃罗涅日和潘诺尼亚种群之间的相似性更接近。相比之下，微卫星 DNA 分析从潘诺尼亚马鹿或伊比利亚马鹿中描绘出沃罗涅日马鹿。我们讨论了除了基因型之外，种群瓶颈可能会影响车辙咆哮的声学。