While some animals, such as planaria and hydra, appear to be capable of seemingly endless cycles of regeneration, most animals experience a gradual decline in fitness and ultimately die. The progressive loss of cell and tissue function, leading to senescence and death, is generally referred to as aging. Adult (“tissue”) stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate repair; however, age-related changes in stem cell function over time are major contributors to loss of organ function or disease in older individuals. Therefore, considerable effort is being invested in restoring stem cell function to counter degenerative diseases and age-related tissue dysfunction. Here, we will review strategies that could be used to restore stem cell function, including the use of environmental interventions, such as diet and exercise, heterochronic approaches, and cellular reprogramming. Maintaining optimal stem cell function and tissue homeostasis into late life will likely extend the amount of time older adults are able to be independent and lead healthy lives.

中文翻译：

---

再生、恢复活力和替代：逆转组织老化

虽然涡虫和水螅等一些动物似乎能够进行看似无限的再生循环，但大多数动物的健康状况会逐渐下降并最终死亡。细胞和组织功能的逐渐丧失，导致衰老和死亡，通常称为衰老。成体（“组织”）干细胞维持组织稳态并促进修复；然而，随着时间的推移，干细胞功能与年龄相关的变化是导致老年人器官功能丧失或疾病的主要原因。因此，人们正在投入大量精力来恢复干细胞功能，以对抗退行性疾病和与年龄相关的组织功能障碍。在这里，我们将回顾可用于恢复干细胞功能的策略，包括使用环境干预措施，例如饮食和运动、异时方法和细胞重编程。在晚年保持最佳的干细胞功能和组织稳态可能会延长老年人独立并过上健康生活的时间。