Understanding the dependence of ecological land and dynamics of the human-nature-coupled landscape is crucial for urban ecosystem resilience. In this study, we characterized and compared the Spatio-temporal responses of ecological land to urban landscape dynamics in Bahir Dar, Addis Ababa, Adama, and Hawassa cities in Ethiopia for the last three decades (1990–2020). Three sets of Landsat satellite images, field observations, and urban land indexes were used to produce landscape maps and geo-spatial data analysis. The results showed that in all cities ecological land has had changed intensely during 1990–2020 regarding its quantity, and spatial pattern. Besides, the substantial expansion of built-up ecosystems was manifested at the cost of ecological land. The built-up ecosystem was augmented by 17,341.0 ha (32.16%), 2151.27 ha (19.64%), 2715.21 ha (12.21%), and 2599.65 ha (15.71%) for Addis Ababa, Adama, Bahir Dar, and Hawassa cities respectively from 1990 to 2020 periods. A total of 40.97% of the prolonged built-up area was obtained from urban agricultural land alone. Moreover, urban sprawl is likely to continue, which will be outweighed by the loss of the open space ecosystem. The finding also confirmed the value of land-use intensity (LUI) of Addis Ababa (3.31), Bahir Dar (3.56), Hawassa (4.82), Adama (5.04) was augmented parallel with accelerated growth in the built-up ecosystems. Besides, the Integrated land-use dynamics degree (ILUDD) analysis confirmed that the spatial pattern of ecological land loss significantly consistent with LUI in all cities. Land-use intensity (LUI) dynamics pattern was followed by urban ecological land to the multi-complex human-dominance ecosystem with a substantial influence on urban greenery and ecosystem services provides. Thus, in all cities, the implementation of effective ecological land management and urban planning policies are required to ensure economic development and ecosystem resilience.

中文翻译：

---

景观动态和强度对埃塞俄比亚主要城市生态用地的影响

了解生态土地的依赖性和人-自然耦合景观的动态对于城市生态系统的恢复能力至关重要。在这项研究中，我们描述并比较了埃塞俄比亚巴希尔达尔、亚的斯亚贝巴、阿达玛和哈瓦萨城市过去三十年（1990-2020 年）的生态用地对城市景观动态的时空响应。三组 Landsat 卫星图像、实地观察和城市土地指数用于制作景观图和地理空间数据分析。结果表明，1990-2020年间，各城市生态用地的数量和空间格局发生了剧烈变化。此外，已建成生态系统的大幅扩张表现为以生态用地为代价。建成生态系统增加了 17,341.0 公顷（32.16%）、2151.27 公顷（19.64%）、2715 公顷。1990 年至 2020 年期间，亚的斯亚贝巴、阿达玛、巴希尔达尔和哈瓦萨城市分别为 21 公顷（12.21%）和 2599.65 公顷（15.71%）。仅城市农业用地就获得了40.97%的长期建成区。此外，城市扩张可能会继续，这将被开放空间生态系统的丧失所抵消。该发现还证实了亚的斯亚贝巴 (3.31)、巴希尔达尔 (3.56)、哈瓦萨 (4.82) 和阿达玛 (5.04) 的土地利用强度 (LUI) 值随着建成生态系统的加速增长而增加。此外，综合土地利用动态度（ILUDD）分析证实，所有城市的生态土地流失空间格局与LUI显着一致。土地利用强度 (LUI) 动态模式遵循城市生态用地到多复杂的人类主导生态系统，对城市绿化和生态系统服务提供产生重大影响。因此，所有城市都需要实施有效的生态土地管理和城市规划政策，以确保经济发展和生态系统恢复力。