Replacing non-renewable materials and energy with wood offers a potential strategy to mitigate climate change if the net emissions of ecosystem and technosystem are reduced in a considered time period. Displacement factors (DFs) describe an emission reduction for a wood-based product or fuel which is used in place of a non-wood alternative. The aims of this review were to map and assess DFs from scientific literature and to provide findings on how to harmonise practices behind them and to support coherent application. Most of the reviewed DFs were positive, implying decreasing fossil GHG emissions in the technosystem. The vast majority of the reviewed DFs describe avoided fossil emissions either both in processing and use of wood or only in the latter when wood processing emissions were considered separately. Some of the reviewed DFs included emissions avoided in post-use of harvested wood products (HWPs). Changes in forest and product carbon stocks were not included in DFs except in a few single cases. However, in most of the reviewed studies they were considered separately in a consistent way along with DFs. DFs for wood energy, construction and material substitution were widely available, whereas DFs for packaging products, chemicals and textiles were scarce. More than half of DFs were calculated by the authors of the reviewed articles while the rest of them were adopted from other articles. Most of the reviewed DFs describe the avoided fossil GHG emissions. These DFs may provide insights on the wood-based products with a potential to replace emissions intensive alternatives but they do not reveal the actual climate change mitigation effects of wood use. The way DFs should be applied and interpreted depends on what has been included in them. If the aim of DFs is to describe the overall climate effects of wood use, DFs should include all the relevant GHG flows, including changes in forest and HWP carbon stock and post-use of HWPs, however, based on this literature review this is not a common practice. DFs including only fossil emissions should be applied together with a coherent assessment of changes in forest and HWP carbon stocks, as was the case in most of the reviewed studies. To increase robustness and transparency and to decrease misuse, we recommend that system boundaries and other assumptions behind DFs should be clearly documented.

中文翻译：

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温室气体减排中的木材替代潜力——替代因子现状及应用综述

如果在考虑的时间段内减少生态系统和技术系统的净排放，用木材代替不可再生材料和能源提供了缓解气候变化的潜在策略。置换因子 (DF) 描述了用于替代非木材替代品的木质产品或燃料的减排量。本次审查的目的是从科学文献中绘制和评估 DF，并提供有关如何协调其背后的实践并支持一致应用的发现。大多数审查的 DF 是积极的，这意味着技术系统中化石温室气体排放量减少。绝大多数审查的 DF 描述了在木材加工和使用中避免的化石排放，或者仅在后者单独考虑木材加工排放时。一些经过审查的 DF 包括在使用采伐木制品 (HWP) 后避免的排放。除少数个别情况外，森林和产品碳储量的变化不包括在 DF 中。然而，在大多数审查的研究中，它们与 DF 以一致的方式单独考虑。用于木材能源、建筑和材料替代的 DF 广泛可用，而用于包装产品、化学品和纺织品的 DF 则很少。超过一半的 DF 是由评论文章的作者计算的，而其余的则是从其他文章中采用的。大多数审查的 DF 描述了避免的化石温室气体排放。这些 DF 可能会提供有关具有替代排放密集型替代品的潜力的木质产品的见解，但它们并未揭示木材使用的实际气候变化减缓效果。应用和解释 DF 的方式取决于它们中包含的内容。如果 DF 的目的是描述木材使用对气候的总体影响，DF 应包括所有相关的 GHG 流量，包括森林和 HWP 碳储量的变化以及 HWP 的使用后，但是，根据本文献综述，这不是一种常见的做法。DFs 只包括化石排放，应与对森林和 HWP 碳储量变化的一致评估一起应用，正如大多数审查研究的情况一样。为了提高稳健性和透明度并减少滥用，