Anthropogenic climate change is considered to be one of the greatest threats facing marine biodiversity. The vast majority of experimental work investigating the effects of climate change stressors on marine organisms has focused on calcifying organisms, such as corals and molluscs, where cross-generational phenotypic changes can be easily quantified. Bivalves in particular have been the subject of numerous climate change studies, in part because of their economic value in the aquaculture industry and their important roles as ecosystem engineers. However, there has been little to no work investigating the effects of these stressors on the symbionts associated with these bivalves, specifically, their shell-boring polychaete parasites. This is important to understand because climate change may shift the synergistic relationship between parasite and host based on the individual responses of each. If such a shift favors proliferation of the polychaete, it may very well facilitate extinction of host bivalve populations. In this review I will (i) provide an overview of research completed thus far on the effects of climate change stressors on shell-boring polychaetes, (ii) discuss the technical challenges of studying these parasites in the laboratory, and (iii) propose a standardized framework for carrying out future in vitro and in vivo climate change experiments on shell-boring polychaetes.

中文翻译：

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气候变化和钻孔多毛类动物（Annelida：Spionidae）：知识现状和对更多实验研究的需求

人为气候变化被认为是海洋生物多样性面临的最大威胁之一。绝大多数调查气候变化压力因素对海洋生物的影响的实验工作都集中在钙化生物上，例如珊瑚和软体动物，其​​中跨代表型变化可以很容易地量化。特别是双壳类动物一直是众多气候变化研究的主题，部分原因是它们在水产养殖业中的经济价值及其作为生态系统工程师的重要作用。然而，几乎没有研究这些压力源对与这些双壳类动物相关的共生体的影响，特别是它们的壳孔多毛类寄生虫。理解这一点很重要，因为气候变化可能会根据每个人的个体反应改变寄生虫和宿主之间的协同关系。如果这种转变有利于多毛类的增殖，它很可能会促进寄主双壳类种群的灭绝。在这篇综述中，我将 (i) 概述迄今为止完成的关于气候变化压力因素对壳孔多毛类动物的影响的研究，(ii) 讨论在实验室研究这些寄生虫的技术挑战，以及 (iii) 提出一个实施未来的标准化框架钻壳多毛类的体外和体内气候变化实验。