This paper aims to reconstruct Middle Bronze Age (MBA; 1600–1250 BCE) land use practices in the northwestern Alpine foreland (SW Germany, Hegau). We used a multi-proxy approach including the analysis of biogeochemical proxies from colluvial deposits and buried topsoils in the surroundings of the well-documented settlement site of Anselfingen and off-site pollen data from two peat bogs. This approach allowed for in-depth insights into the MBA subsistence economy and shows that the MBA in the northwestern Alpine foreland was a period of establishing settlements with sophisticated land management and land use practices. The reconstruction of phases of colluvial deposition was based on ages from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon (AMS¹⁴C) dating from multi-layered colluvial deposits and supports the local archaeological record with the first phase of major colluvial deposition occurring during the MBA followed by phases of colluvial deposition during the Iron Age, the Medieval period and modern times. The on-site deposition of charred archaeobotanical remains and animal bones from archaeological features, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), charcoal spectra, phytoliths, soil microstructure, urease enzymatic activity, microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and heavy metal contents from colluvial deposits, were used as proxies for on-site and near-site land use practices. The charcoal spectra indicate MBA forest management which favored the dominance of Quercus in the woodland vegetation in the surrounding area north of the settlement site. Increased levels of 5β stanols (up to 40 %) and the occurrence of pig bones (up to 14 %) support the presence of a forest pasture mainly used for pig farming. In the surrounding area south of the settlement, an arable field with a buried MBA plow horizon (2Apb) could be verified by soil micromorphological investigations and high concentrations of grass phytoliths from leaves and stems. Agricultural practices (e.g., plowing) focussed on five staple crops (Hordeum distichon/vulgare, Triticum dicoccum, Triticum monococcum, Triticum spelta, Triticum aestivum/turgidum), while the presence of stilted pantries as storage facilities and of heat stones indicate post-harvest processing of cereal crops and other agrarian products within the settlement. In the area surrounding the settlement, increased levels of urease activity, compared to microbial biomass carbon (up to 2.1 µg N µg C${}_{\mathrm{mic}}^{-\mathrm{1}}$), and input of herbivorous and omnivorous animal faeces indicate livestock husbandry on fallow land. The PAH suites and their spatial distribution support the use of fire for various purposes, e.g., for opening and maintaining the landscape, for domestic burning and for technical applications. The off-site palynological data support the observed change in on-site and near-site vegetation as well as the occurrence of related land use practices. During the Early and Middle Bronze Age, fire played a major role in shaping the landscape (peak of micro-charcoal during the MBA), and anthropogenic activities promoted Quercus-dominated forest ecosystems at the expense of natural beech forests. This indicates a broader regional human influence in the northwestern Alpine foreland at low- and mid-altitude inland sites during the Middle Bronze Age.

中文翻译：

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阿尔卑斯山西北部前陆的青铜时代中期土地利用实践——对崩积沉积物、考古特征和泥炭沼泽的多代理研究

本文旨在重建西北部高山前陆（德国西南部，黑高）的青铜时代中期（MBA；公元前 1600-1250 年）土地利用实践。我们使用了一种多代理方法，包括对 Anselfingen 有充分记录的定居点周围的崩积沉积物和埋藏表土的生物地球化学代理进行分析，以及来自两个泥炭沼泽的异地花粉数据。这种方法允许深入了解 MBA 生计经济，并表明在阿尔卑斯山西北部前地的 MBA 是建立具有复杂土地管理和土地使用实践的定居点的时期。崩积沉积阶段的重建基于光受激发光 (OSL) 和放射性碳 (AMS ¹⁴C) 来自多层崩积沉积物的年代并支持当地考古记录，主要崩积沉积的第一阶段发生在 MBA 期间，随后是铁器时代、中世纪和现代时期的崩积沉积阶段。炭化古植物的现场沉积来自考古特征的遗骸和动物骨骼，以及多环芳烃 (PAHs)、木炭光谱、植硅体、土壤微结构、脲酶酶活性、微生物生物量碳 (C _mic ) 和崩积沉积物中的重金属含量，被用作代表现场和附近的土地使用实践。木炭光谱表明 MBA 森林管理有利于栎属在定居点​​以北周边地区的林地植被中占主导地位。增加 5 β 的水平甾烷醇（高达 40 %）和猪骨的出现（高达 14 %）支持主要用于养猪的森林牧场的存在。在定居点​​以南的周边地区，可以通过土壤微形态研究和来自叶子和茎的高浓度草植硅体来验证具有埋入 MBA 犁地层 (2Apb) 的耕地。农业实践（例如，犁耕）集中在五个主要作物（大麦distichon /大麦，小麦dicoccum，一粒小麦，斯卑尔脱小麦，普通小麦/圆锥小麦)，而作为储存设施的高跷食品储藏室和加热石的存在表明该定居点内谷物作物和其他农业产品的收获后加工。在定居点​​周围的区域，与微生物生物量碳相比，尿素酶活性水平增加（高达 2.1  µg N  µg C${}_{\mathrm{麦克风}}^{——\mathrm{1}}$)，以及输入草食性和杂食性动物粪便表明在休耕地进行畜牧业。PAH 套件及其空间分布支持将火用于各种目的，例如用于开放和维护景观、用于家庭燃烧和用于技术应用。场外孢粉学数据支持观察到的现场和近场植被的变化以及相关土地利用实践的发生。在青铜器时代早期和中期，火在塑造景观方面发挥了重要作用（MBA 期间微炭的高峰期），人为活动促进了栎属植物的生长- 以天然山毛榉森林为代价的森林生态系统。这表明在青铜时代中期，在低海拔和中海拔内陆地区的西北部高山前陆地区受到更广泛的区域人类影响。