Drawing on insights from Critical Race Theory and framing theory, as well as previous research, this study ties together and analyzes public opinions about two racialized and politicized sports-related issues: (1) the financial compensation of college athletes, and (2) athlete protests during the national anthem. Consequently, we highlight racial/ethnic identities, racial attitudes, and political identities as predictors of these public opinions. Data for our analyses come from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults who were surveyed just prior to the 2016 presidential election. Descriptive results suggest that well over half of U.S. adults opposed having the NCAA pay college athletes; also, about two-thirds of adults viewed athlete protests during the national anthem as unacceptable. Regression results reveal that Black and Latinx adults were more supportive of paying college athletes and athlete protests during the national anthem than White adults. Other people of color were also more likely than White adults to support paying college athletes. Racial attitudes such as a lack of recognition of racial/ethnic inequalities in education and support for Black Lives Matter also shaped public opinions about these issues in expected ways. Finally, we find that political identities were linked to public opinions about these issues even after accounting for racial/ethnic identities and racial attitudes. Overall, this study documents public opinions about these prominent sports-related issues just prior to the 2016 election of a President who particularly racialized and politicized sports issues. Even then, these sports-related issues had been similarly filtered through both a White racial frame that encourages colorblind racism and a counter frame that promotes antiracist activism. Altogether, the present study offers further evidence of how sports provide cultural terrain for individuals to enact and negotiate racialized and politicized views of sports and society and illustrates how these processes were reflected in public opinions in 2016.

本研究借鉴批判种族理论和框架理论的见解以及先前的研究，将公众对两个种族化和政治化的体育相关问题的观点联系起来并进行分析：（1）大学生运动员的经济补偿，以及（2）运动员奏国歌期间的抗议活动。因此，我们强调种族/民族身份、种族态度和政治身份作为这些公众意见的预测指标。我们分析的数据来自具有全国代表性的美国成年人样本，他们在 2016 年总统大选前接受了调查。描述性结果表明，超过一半的美国成年人反对让 NCAA 支付大学运动员的工资；此外，大约三分之二的成年人认为在奏国歌期间运动员抗议是不可接受的。回归结果显示，黑人和拉丁裔成年人比白人成年人更支持在国歌期间支付大学运动员和运动员的抗议费用。其他有色人种也比白人成年人更有可能支持付费大学生运动员。种族态度，例如在教育中缺乏对种族/族裔不平等的承认以及对“黑人的命也是命”的支持，也以预期的方式塑造了公众对这些问题的看法。最后，我们发现即使在考虑了种族/民族身份和种族态度之后，政治身份也与公众对这些问题的看法有关。总体而言，这项研究记录了在 2016 年总统选举之前对这些突出的体育相关问题的公众意见，该总统特别将体育问题种族化和政治化。即使这样，这些与体育相关的问题同样通过鼓励色盲种族主义的白人种族框架和促进反种族主义激进主义的反框架过滤。总而言之，本研究进一步证明了体育如何为个人制定和协商种族化和政治化的体育和社会观点提供文化平台，并说明这些过程如何反映在 2016 年的公众舆论中。