Aquatic habitats are closely linked to surrounding terrestrial systems via reciprocal subsidies. Much of the research on aquatic–terrestrial subsidies has focused on streams and lakes, while subsidies across aquatic–terrestrial boundaries of other systems, like temporary ponds, have received less attention. To address the lack of information regarding cross-habitat subsidies of temporary ponds, we quantified leaf litter inputs, amphibian egg inputs, terrestrial insect inputs, and amphibian metamorph and aquatic insect emergence for eight temporary ponds. We compared the relative magnitude of cross-habitat biotic subsidies of temporary ponds to identify potentially important yet overlooked subsidies. Terrestrial insect inputs to ponds were the second largest subsidy (mean 15.3 g m⁻² yr⁻¹), exceeding combined emergence of amphibians and aquatic insects (mean 4.0 g m⁻² yr⁻¹), yet these high-quality subsidies are generally unaccounted for in similar studies. Across the wetland complex, total amphibian emergence (8929.3 g yr⁻¹) was nearly four times higher than total aquatic insect emergence (2491.9 g yr⁻¹). Aquatic insect emergence was similar to that of lakes and streams while amphibian emergence was generally higher. Although larger ponds produced greater total fluxes to terrestrial habitats, smaller ponds were often more productive per unit area. Therefore, a mosaic of small ponds may produce greater or equivalent subsidies to terrestrial food webs than a single large pond. Given continued threats to temporary ponds and their connections to surrounding forests, management and restoration of these systems, as well as future studies, should take holistic approaches that account for the many aquatic–terrestrial linkages, and factors that influence them.

中文翻译：

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临时池塘和河岸林之间的互惠补贴

通过互惠补贴，水生栖息地与周围的陆地系统密切相关。大部分关于水陆补贴的研究都集中在溪流和湖泊上，而跨越其他系统的水陆边界的补贴，如临时池塘，则较少受到关注。为了解决临时池塘交叉栖息地补贴信息的缺乏问题，我们量化了八个临时池塘的落叶投入、两栖动物卵投入、陆生昆虫投入以及两栖动物变质和水生昆虫的出现。我们比较了临时池塘跨生境生物补贴的相对幅度，以确定可能重要但被忽视的补贴。对池塘的陆生昆虫投入是第二大补贴（平均 15.3 g m ^-2  yr ^-1)，超过了两栖动物和水生昆虫的总出现量（平均 4.0 g m ^-2  yr ^-1），但这些高质量的补贴在类似的研究中通常下落不明。横跨湿地复杂，总两栖动物出苗（8929.3克年^-1）高于总水生昆虫出现（2491.9克年近四倍更高^-1）。水生昆虫的出现与湖泊和溪流相似，而两栖动物的出现普遍较高。尽管较大的池塘对陆地栖息地产生了更大的总通量，但较小的池塘每单位面积的生产力通常更高。因此，与单个大池塘相比，马赛克小池塘可能对陆地食物网产生更多或同等的补贴。鉴于对临时池塘及其与周围森林的联系的持续威胁，这些系统的管理和恢复以及未来的研究应采取整体方法，考虑到许多水陆联系以及影响它们的因素。