Objectives

To characterize the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone at three dose rates in comparison with a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination (KDMT) for immobilization of golden-headed lion tamarins (GHLTs) (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy.

Study design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

A total of 19 healthy, male, wild-caught GHLTs.

Methods

Tamarins were administered alfaxalone intramuscularly (IM) at 6, 12 or 15 mg kg^–1, or KDMT, ketamine (15 mg kg^–1), dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg^–1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg^–1) and tramadol (4 mg kg^–1) IM. Immediately after immobilization, lidocaine (8 mg kg^–1) was infiltrated subcutaneously (SC) at the incision site in all animals. Physiologic variables, anesthetic depth and quality of immobilization were assessed. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (0.15 mg kg^–1) was administered IM to group KDMT and tramadol (4 mg kg^–1) SC to the other groups; all animals were injected with ketoprofen (2 mg kg^–1) SC.

Results

A dose-dependent increase in sedation, muscle relaxation and immobilization time was noted in the alfaxalone groups. Despite the administration of atipamezole, the recovery time was longer for KDMT than all other groups. Muscle tremors were noted in some animals during induction and recovery with alfaxalone. No significant differences were observed for cardiovascular variables among the alfaxalone groups, whereas an initial decrease in heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure was recorded in KDMT, which increased after atipamezole administration.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Alfaxalone dose rates of 12 or 15 mg kg^–1 IM with local anesthesia provided good sedation and subjectively adequate pain control for vasectomies in GHLTs. KDMT induced a deeper plane of anesthesia and should be considered for more invasive or painful procedures. All study groups experienced mild to moderate hypothermia and hypoxemia; therefore, the use of more efficient heating devices and oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using these protocols.

中文翻译：

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三种剂量肌肉注射阿法沙酮和氯胺酮-右美托咪定-咪达唑仑-曲马多联合治疗金头狮狨（Leontopithecus chrysomelas）的比较

目标

要在用氯胺酮，右美托咪达唑仑，曲马多组合（KDMT）的金头狮狨（GHLTs）（固定化比较在三个剂量率表征alfaxalone的心肺和麻醉作用Leontopithecus chrysomelas）接受输精管结扎术。

学习规划

前瞻性临床试验。

动物

总共 19 只健康、雄性、野生捕获的 GHLT。

方法

狨猴以 6、12 或 15 mg kg ^{–1 的}剂量肌肉注射 (IM)或 KDMT、氯胺酮 (15 mg kg ^–1 )、右美托咪定 (0.015 mg kg ^–1 )、咪达唑仑 (0.5 mg kg ^–1 ) 和曲马多(4 mg kg ^–1 ) IM。固定后立即在所有动物的切口部位皮下 (SC) 渗入利多卡因 (8 mg kg ^–1 )。评估生理变量、麻醉深度和固定质量。手术结束时，KDMT 组肌肉注射阿替美唑 (0.15 mg kg ^–1 )，其他组皮下注射曲马多 (4 mg kg ^–1 )；所有动物皮下注射酮洛芬 (2 mg kg ^–1 )。

结果

在阿法沙酮组中注意到镇静、肌肉松弛和固定时间的剂量依赖性增加。尽管服用了阿替美唑，但 KDMT 的恢复时间比所有其他组都要长。在用阿法沙酮诱导和恢复期间，在一些动物中注意到肌肉震颤。阿法沙酮组的心血管变量没有观察到显着差异，而 KDMT 中记录到心率和收缩动脉血压的初始下降，在阿替美唑给药后增加。

结论和临床相关性

阿法沙酮 12 或 15 mg kg ^–1 IM 的局部麻醉剂量率为GHLT 中的输精管切除术提供了良好的镇静和主观上足够的疼痛控制。KDMT 诱发了更深的麻醉平面，应考虑用于更具侵入性或痛苦的手术。所有研究组均出现轻度至中度体温过低和低氧血症；因此，在使用这些协议时，强烈建议使用更高效的加热设备和氧气补充。