A field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of two improved tillage systems (conventional tillage combined with the incorporation of solid anaerobic digestate, no-tillage) on the prokaryotic community composition in two tree orchard (olive, citrus) soils with contrasting texture, carbonate content, and pH, located in Southern Italy. Soil samples were taken over a 5-month period to assess immediate (2 days) vs short-term (7 and 18 weeks) responses. Phylogenetic diversity and compositional shifts of both total and metabolically active soil prokaryotic communities were assessed by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene templates from soil-extracted DNA/RNA. In both digestate-treated soils, copiotrophic α-Proteobacteria and oligotrophic Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia showed an immediate (2 days) but short-lived (7 weeks) shift in their relative abundance similar in persistence but not in magnitude; whereas selective soil type-dependent responses were observed for Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. The autochthonous soil microbiota demonstrated resilience to the addition of the anaerobic digestate, which was dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Euryarchaeota (Methanomicrobia). Likewise, a temporary increase in the relative abundances of copiotrophic taxa (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Thaumarchaeota) was observed under conventional tillage, especially in the sandy loam (citrus) soil. Conversely, no-tillage favored the establishment of oligotrophic Chloroflexi and Verrucomicrobia in both soils. The active and the total prokaryotic communities differed from each other only in physically disturbed soils. Soil management induced compositional shifts in the predominant microbial copiotrophic/oligotrophic community balance, whose persistence was linked to the tillage system, while magnitude depended on soil type.

进行了一项田间试验，以研究两种改良的耕作系统（常规耕作结合固体厌氧消化物的掺入，免耕）对两种质地不同的果园（橄榄、柑橘）土壤中原核生物群落组成的影响，碳酸盐含量和 pH 值，位于意大利南部。在 5 个月内采集土壤样本以评估即时（2 天）与短期（7 周和 18 周）反应。通过对土壤提取的 DNA/RNA 中的 16S rRNA 基因模板进行下一代测序，评估了总的和代谢活跃的土壤原核生物群落的系统发育多样性和组成变化。在两种经过消化物处理的土壤中，营养型α-变形菌和寡营养酸杆菌、Gemmatimonadetes 和疣微菌显示它们的相对丰度立即（2 天）但短暂（7 周）的变化，持续性相似，但幅度不同；而对于放线菌、绿弯曲菌、厚壁菌门和浮游菌门则观察到选择性土壤类型依赖性反应。原生土壤微生物群对添加厌氧消化物表现出弹性，其中以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、奇异球菌-栖热菌门和 Euryarchaeota（甲烷微生物）为主。同样，在常规耕作下，特别是在砂质壤土（柑橘类）土壤中，观察到营养类群（Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes、Thaumarchaeota）的相对丰度暂时增加。反过来，免耕有利于在两种土壤中建立贫营养的 Chloroflexi 和 Verrucomicrobia。活性原核生物群落和总原核生物群落仅在物理扰动的土壤中彼此不同。土壤管理引起主要微生物营养/贫营养群落平衡的组成变化，其持久性与耕作系统有关，而幅度取决于土壤类型。