This paper investigates the non-work activity participation and time allocation decisions of couples of low- and high-income households by utilizing primary activity-travel behavior data collected from Bhubaneswar, India. The study estimates a multivariate Probit model for the decision to participate and a multivariate Tobit for the time allocation to out-of-home child maintenance, household maintenance, and recreational activities. The inter-and intra-personal linkages and the nature of the interaction (substitution or complementary effect) associated with the decisions are captured using the models. The analysis reveals that the percentage of high-income female heads participating in recreational activities is approximately 12% more than that of low-income female heads. Regarding time allocation to recreational activities, an average high-income female head spends 28 min more than a low-income female head. In comparison, a low-income mother allocates approximately 13 min more than an average high-income mother to household maintenance activities. The correlation coefficient associated with activity participation and time allocation decisions in low-income families reveals substitution effects regarding the inter- and intra-personal interactions. At the same time, the complementary nature of the interaction was reported for their high-income counterparts. In addition, it is observed that the activity participation decisions are more pronounced between spouses of high-income households compared to low-income families. In contrast, the time-allocations decisions in both household types are relatable. Further, possessing a driving license and owning a car significantly increases high-income female heads’ participation and time allocation in non-work activities. The models also reveal that locating inside the municipality increases female heads’ likelihood of participating in recreational activities. Low-income female heads tend to decrease recreational activity time use if they are within the municipality limits. High-income mothers, on the other hand, are observed to increase durations. An increase in distance to school from home significantly reduces male heads’ involvement in out-of-home child maintenance activities for both household types.

本文利用从印度布巴内斯瓦尔收集的主要活动-旅行行为数据，调查了低收入和高收入家庭夫妇的非工作活动参与和时间分配决策。该研究估计了参与决策的多变量 Probit 模型和户外儿童维护、家庭维护和娱乐活动时间分配的多变量 Tobit。与决策相关的人与人之间的联系和互动的性质（替代或互补效应）是使用模型捕获的。分析显示，高收入女性负责人参与娱乐活动的比例比低收入女性负责人高出约 12%。关于娱乐活动的时间分配，一个平均高收入女性负责人比低收入女性负责人多花 28 分钟。相比之下，低收入母亲比普通高收入母亲多花大约 13 分钟进行家庭维护活动。与低收入家庭的活动参与和时间分配决策相关的相关系数揭示了人际交往和人际交往的替代效应。与此同时，高收入同行也报告了互动的互补性。此外，据观察，与低收入家庭相比，高收入家庭的配偶之间的活动参与决定更为明显。相比之下，两种家庭类型的时间分配决定是相关的。更多，拥有驾驶执照和拥有汽车显着增加了高收入女性领导人在非工作活动中的参与和时间分配。这些模型还表明，位于市政当局内部会增加女性领导人参与娱乐活动的可能性。如果低收入女性负责人在市政府范围内，她们往往会减少娱乐活动时间的使用。另一方面，据观察，高收入的母亲会增加持续时间。从家到学校的距离的增加大大减少了男性家长参与两种家庭类型的户外儿童抚养活动。这些模型还表明，位于市政当局内部会增加女性领导人参与娱乐活动的可能性。如果低收入女性负责人在市政府范围内，她们往往会减少娱乐活动时间的使用。另一方面，据观察，高收入的母亲会增加持续时间。从家到学校的距离的增加大大减少了男性家长参与两种家庭类型的户外儿童抚养活动。这些模型还表明，位于市政当局内部会增加女性领导人参与娱乐活动的可能性。如果低收入女性负责人在市政府范围内，她们往往会减少娱乐活动时间的使用。另一方面，据观察，高收入的母亲会增加持续时间。从家到学校的距离的增加大大减少了男性家长参与两种家庭类型的户外儿童抚养活动。