Grandparents at working age frequently take care of their grandchildren. These time transfers may constrain the formal labor supply of grandparents. Using an instrumental variable strategy and multiple waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate the causal effect of grandparenthood on the labor supply of working-age grandparents in ten European countries. We find a large negative impact of grandparenthood on the employment rate of women aged 55 to 64. The effect is particularly pronounced in countries where the availability of formal childcare is low. A complier characterization reveals that the large LATE applies to a small but not selected group of potential grandmothers and may explain a substantial share of the gender gap in employment at later working age. Male labor supply does not significantly adjust in response to grandparenthood. We further find that grandmothers are more likely to transfer gifts to their children than women who are not grandmothers, whereby grandmothers substitute between time and gift transfers.

工作年龄的祖父母经常照顾孙子孙女。这些时间转移可能会限制祖父母的正式劳动力供应。使用工具变量策略和欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查 (SHARE) 的多波，我们估计了祖父母身份对十个欧洲国家工作年龄祖父母劳动力供应的因果影响。我们发现祖父母身份对 55 至 64 岁女性的就业率有很大的负面影响。这种影响在正规儿童保育率低的国家尤为明显。编制者的特征表明，较大的 LATE 适用于一小部分但未经过选择的潜在祖母，这可能解释了在晚工作年龄就业中性别差距的很大一部分。男性劳动力供应不会因祖父母身份而发生显着调整。我们进一步发现，与非祖母的女性相比，祖母更有可能将礼物转移给他们的孩子，即祖母在时间和礼物转移之间进行替代。