This article reports on developments in the manufacturing of heating elements by means of digital inkjet printing technology. The area coverage of the meander lines ranges from 34 lpi (lines per inch) to 51 and 102 lpi, which mainly influences the temperature distribution and homogeneity. Furthermore, the line width of the meander lines is varied between 250, 500, and 1000 μm. All heating elements are deposited by single-pass printing of a nanoparticle silver ink with subsequent thermal sintering on a standard flexible polymer film, to demonstrate that inkjet printing allows the manufacturing of printed thin devices also on low-cost material. The implementation of various designs allows the control of the temperature distribution and heat development. The printed structures are evaluated regarding their optical and electrical characteristics and their thermal performance is assessed using an infrared camera. This research has succeeded in developing bendable printed heaters, which reach homogeneous average temperature of 100 °C over an area of approximately 15 cm² at a power supply of 12 V. The feasibility of the inkjet printed heaters is demonstrated by a long-term test over several days with negligible fluctuations in the area temperature and highest stability in the resistance.

中文翻译：

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基于纳米粒子银墨水的喷墨打印加热元件，温度分布可调，适用于灵活应用

本文报告了通过数字喷墨打印技术制造加热元件的发展。曲折线的面积覆盖范围从 34 lpi（每英寸线数）到 51 和 102 lpi，主要影响温度分布和均匀性。此外，曲折线的线宽在250、500和1000μm之间变化。所有加热元件均通过纳米粒子银墨水的单程打印沉积，随后在标准柔性聚合物薄膜上进行热烧结，以证明喷墨打印允许在低成本材料上制造打印的薄设备。各种设计的实施允许控制温度分布和热量发展。对印刷结构的光学和电气特性进行评估，并使用红外相机评估其热性能。这项研究已成功开发出可弯曲的印刷加热器，在大约 15 厘米的区域内达到 100°C 的均匀平均温度²在 12 V 的电源下。喷墨打印加热器的可行性通过几天的长期测试得到证明，区域温度的波动可以忽略不计，电阻的稳定性最高。