Lead extrusion dampers are supplemental energy-dissipation devices that are used to mitigate seismic structural damage. Small volumetric sizes and high force capacities define high-force-to-volume (HF2V) devices, which can absorb significant response energy without sacrificial damage. However, the design of such devices for specific force capacities has proven difficult based on the complexities of their internal reaction mechanisms, leading to the adoption of empirical approaches. This study developed upper- and lower-bound force capacity estimates from analytical mechanics based on direct and indirect metal extrusion for guiding design. The derived equations are strictly functions of HF2V device geometric parameters, lead material properties, and extrusion mechanics. The upper-bound estimates from direct and indirect extrusion are denoted as (F_UB,1, F_UB,2) and (F_UB,3, F_UB,4), respectively, and the lower-bound estimates are denoted as (F_LB, F_LB,1) based on the combination of extrusion and friction forces. The proposed models were validated by comparing the predicted bounds to experimental force capacity data from 15 experimental HF2V device tests. The experimental device forces all lie above the lower-bound estimates (F_LB, F_LB,1) and below the upper-bound estimates (F_UB,1, F_UB,2, F_UB,4). Overall, the (F_LB, F_UB,2) pair provides wider bounds and the (F_LB,1, F_UB,4/F_UB,1) pair provides narrower bounds. The (F_LB,1, F_UB,1) pair has a mean lower-bound gap of 36%, meaning the lower bound was 74% of the actual device force on average. The mean upper-bound gap was 33%. The bulge area and cylinder diameter of HF2V devices are key parameters affecting device forces. These relatively tight bounds provide useful mechanics-based predictive design guides for ensuring that device forces are within the targeted design range after manufacturing.

铅挤压阻尼器是用于减轻地震结构损坏的补充能量耗散装置。小体积尺寸和高力容量定义了高力对体积 (HF2V) 设备，它可以吸收大量响应能量而不会造成损害。然而，基于其内部反应机制的复杂性，已证明针对特定力容量的此类设备的设计很困难，导致采用经验方法。本研究基于直接和间接金属挤压从分析力学中开发了用于指导设计的上限和下限力容量估计。导出的方程是 HF2V 器件几何参数、引线材料特性和挤压力学的严格函数。直接和间接挤压的上限估计表示为（F _UB,1 , F _UB,2 ) 和 ( F _UB,3 , F _UB,4 )，下限估计表示为 ( FL _LB , F _LB,1 ) 基于挤压和摩擦力。通过将预测界限与来自 15 个实验性 HF2V 设备测试的实验力容量数据进行比较，验证了所提出的模型。实验装置力都位于估计下限 ( F _LB , F _LB,1 ) 以上和估计上限 ( F _UB,1 , F _UB,2 , F_UB,4 )。总的来说，( F _LB , F _UB,2 ) 对提供了更宽的边界，而 ( F _LB,1 , F _UB,4 / F _UB,1 ) 对提供了更窄的边界。( F _LB,1 , F _UB,1 ) 对的平均下限差距为 36%，这意味着下限平均为实际装置力的 74%。平均上限差距为 33%。HF2V 设备的凸出面积和圆柱直径是影响设备受力的关键参数。这些相对严格的界限提供了有用的基于力学的预测设计指南，以确保设备力在制造后处于目标设计范围内。