Human longevity is a complex phenotype influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is also known to be associated with various types of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The central dogma of molecular biology demonstrates the conversion of DNA to RNA to the encoded protein. These proteins interact to form complex cell signaling pathways, which perform various biological functions. With prolonged exposure to the environment, the in vivo homeostasis adapts to the changes, and finally, humans adopt the phenotype of longevity or aging-related diseases. In this review, we focus on two different states: longevity and aging-related diseases, including CVD and AD, to discuss the relationship between genetic characteristics, including gene variation, the level of gene expression, regulation of gene expression, the level of protein expression, both genetic and environmental influences and homeostasis based on these phenotypes shown in organisms.

中文翻译：

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健康长寿与衰老相关疾病关系的描述：从基因到蛋白质

人类长寿是一种复杂的表型，受遗传和环境因素的影响。还已知它与各种类型的与年龄有关的疾病有关，例如阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 和心血管疾病 (CVD)。分子生物学的中心法则证明了 DNA 到 RNA 到编码蛋白质的转化。这些蛋白质相互作用形成复杂的细胞信号通路，执行各种生物学功能。随着长期暴露于环境中，体内稳态会适应变化，最终，人类采用长寿或衰老相关疾病的表型。在这篇综述中，我们关注两种不同的状态：长寿和衰老相关疾病，包括 CVD 和 AD，以讨论遗传特征之间的关系，包括基因变异、基因表达水平、