Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10185-z Kosar Malekpour 1 , Ali Hazrati 1 , Marziah Zahar 2 , Alexander Markov 3 , Angelina Olegovna Zekiy 4 , Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq 5 , Leila Roshangar 6 , Majid Ahmadi 6
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Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect muscles, bones, and joints. These disorders are very painful and severely limit patients' mobility and are more common in the elderly. MSCs are multipotent stem cells isolated from embryonic (such as the umbilical cord) and mature sources (such as adipose tissue and bone marrow). These cells can differentiate into various cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, NP-like cells, Etc. Due to MSC characteristics such as immunomodulatory properties, ability to migrate to the site of injury, recruitment of cells involved in repair, production of growth factors, and large amount production of extracellular vesicles, these cells have been used in many regenerative-related medicine studies. Also, MSCs produce different types of EVs, such as exosomes, to the extracellular environment. Exosomes reflect MSCs' characteristics and do not have cell therapy-associated problems because they are cell-free. These vesicles carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to the host cell and change their function. This review focuses on MSCs and MSCs exosomes' role in repairing dense connective tissues such as tendons, cartilage, invertebrate disc, bone fracture, and osteoporosis treatment.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
间充质干细胞及其衍生外泌体在骨科疾病治疗中的潜在用途
肌肉骨骼疾病 (MSD) 是会影响肌肉、骨骼和关节的疾病。这些疾病非常痛苦，严重限制了患者的活动能力，在老年人中更为常见。MSC 是从胚胎（如脐带）和成熟来源（如脂肪组织和骨髓）分离的多能干细胞。这些细胞可以分化成各种细胞，如成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞、NP 样细胞等。由于 MSC 的特性，如免疫调节特性、迁移到损伤部位的能力、参与修复的细胞募集、生长的产生因子，并大量产生细胞外囊泡，这些细胞已被用于许多与再生相关的医学研究。此外，MSC 会产生不同类型的 EV，例如外泌体，到细胞外环境。外泌体反映了 MSC 的特性，并且没有细胞治疗相关的问题，因为它们是无细胞的。这些囊泡携带蛋白质、核酸和脂质到宿主细胞并改变它们的功能。本综述重点介绍 MSCs 和 MSCs 外泌体在修复致密结缔组织（如肌腱、软骨、无脊椎椎间盘、骨折和骨质疏松症治疗）中的作用。
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