Many foraging experiments have found that subjects are suboptimal in foraging tasks, waiting out delays longer than they should given the reward structure of the environment. Additionally, theories of decision-making suggest that actions arise from interactions between multiple decision-making systems and that these systems should depend on the availability of information about the future. To explore suboptimal behavior on foraging tasks and how varying the amount of future information changed behavior, we ran rats on two matching neuroeconomic foraging tasks, Known Delay (KD) and Randomized Delay (RD), with the only difference between them being the certainty of the cost of future opportunities. Rats' decision-making strategies differed significantly based on the amount of future certainty. Rats on both tasks still showed suboptimality in decision-making through a sensitivity to sunk costs; however, rats on KD showed significantly less sensitivity to sunk costs than rats on RD. Additionally, on neither task did the rats account for travel and postreward lingering times as heavily as prereward foraging times providing evidence problematic for the Marginal Value Theorem model of foraging behavior. This suggests that while future certainty reduced decision-making errors, more complex decision-making processes unaffected by future certainty were involved and likely produced these decision-making errors within subjects on these foraging tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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未来的确定性和不确定性会改变规划和沉没成本。

许多觅食实验发现，受试者在觅食任务中表现不佳，等待延迟的时间超过了他们应该给予环境的奖励结构。此外，决策理论表明，行动源于多个决策系统之间的相互作用，并且这些系统应该取决于有关未来信息的可用性。为了探索觅食任务的次优行为以及未来信息量的变化如何改变行为，我们在两个匹配的神经经济觅食任务（已知延迟（KD）和随机延迟（RD））上运行大鼠，它们之间的唯一区别是确定性未来机会的成本。大鼠的决策策略因未来确定性的大小而显着不同。由于对沉没成本的敏感性，在这两项任务上的老鼠仍然表现出次优决策；然而，KD 组大鼠对沉没成本的敏感性明显低于 RD 组大鼠。此外，在这两项任务中，老鼠对旅行和奖励后的逗留时间的解释都没有像奖励前的觅食时间那样严重，这为觅食行为的边际价值定理模型提供了有问题的证据。这表明，虽然未来的确定性减少了决策错误，但涉及不受未来确定性影响的更复杂的决策过程，并且可能在这些觅食任务的受试者中产生这些决策错误。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。此外，在这两项任务中，老鼠对旅行和奖励后的逗留时间的解释都没有像奖励前的觅食时间那样严重，这为觅食行为的边际价值定理模型提供了有问题的证据。这表明，虽然未来的确定性减少了决策错误，但涉及不受未来确定性影响的更复杂的决策过程，并且可能在这些觅食任务的受试者中产生这些决策错误。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。此外，在这两项任务中，老鼠对旅行和奖励后的逗留时间的解释都没有像奖励前的觅食时间那样严重，这为觅食行为的边际价值定理模型提供了有问题的证据。这表明，虽然未来的确定性减少了决策错误，但涉及不受未来确定性影响的更复杂的决策过程，并且可能在这些觅食任务的受试者中产生这些决策错误。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。涉及不受未来确定性影响的更复杂的决策过程，并且可能在这些觅食任务的受试者中产生这些决策错误。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。涉及不受未来确定性影响的更复杂的决策过程，并且可能在这些觅食任务的受试者中产生这些决策错误。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。