Electricity Systems in europe are experiencing major changes due to targets for renewable energy integration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and energy efficiency. Different studies show that there is a growing need for more flexibility and active stakeholder involvement at all levels (from small consumers to pan-European networks) to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the electricity system, particularly to deal with growing volumes of renewable energy sources, from transmission-level wind and solar farms to household-level photovoltaic generation. Other key evolutions that aim to decarbonize the energy sector beyond electricity, such as those based on the electrification of energy end uses (e.g., the development of electric vehicles and the electrification of heating), are also expected to have a substantial impact.

中文翻译：

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多能源系统自下而上的灵活性：欧洲的实际经验


由于可再生能源整合、减少温室气体排放和提高能源效率的目标，欧洲的电力系统正在经历重大变化。不同的研究表明，各个层面（从小消费者到泛欧网络）越来越需要更多的灵活性和利益相关者的积极参与，以确保电力系统高效可靠的运行，特别是应对不断增长的可再生能源量从输电级风力发电场和太阳能发电场到家庭级光伏发电。其他旨在使电力以外的能源部门脱碳的关键变革，例如基于能源最终用途电气化的变革（例如电动汽车的发展和供暖电气化），预计也将产生重大影响。