ABSTRACT Scholarship has sought to develop theoretical frameworks to set order on the rather muddled web of actors, interactions and tensions involved in asylum and immigration policies. The article considers three of them: the “venue shopping approach”, the “multi-level governance approach” and critical humanitarian studies. The purpose is to contribute to this debate by elaborating the concept of “battleground” of asylum (and immigration) policies. With this concept, I mean that they are a contentious field in which different actors interact, cooperating or conflicting. Different levels of public responsibility are involved but also non-public actors play a role. They encompass various pro-migrant supporters but also xenophobic movements. The article will analyse the crucial actors involved, with a focus on the local level: pro-refugee civil society; coalitions of diverse pro-refugee actors; opponents to refugee reception; local governments acting for and against refugee and migrant reception and asylum seekers and irregular immigrants themselves.

中文翻译：

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庇护和移民政策的战场：概念调查

摘要奖学金寻求发展理论框架，以在涉及庇护和移民政策的参与者、互动和紧张局势中相当混乱的网络上建立秩序。本文考虑了其中三个：“场地购物方法”、“多层次治理方法”和批判性人道主义研究。目的是通过阐述庇护（和移民）政策的“战场”概念来为这场辩论做出贡献。有了这个概念，我的意思是它们是一个有争议的领域，不同的参与者在其中互动、合作或冲突。涉及不同级别的公共责任，但也有非公共行为者发挥作用。它们包括各种亲移民的支持者，但也包括仇外运动。本文将分析所涉及的关键参与者，重点关注地方层面：支持难民的民间社会；各种亲难民行为者的联盟；反对接收难民；支持和反对难民和移民接待以及寻求庇护者和非正常移民本身的地方政府。