The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a public health crisis of unprecedented proportions. After the emergence of SARS-CoV-1 in 2002, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, this is the third outbreak of a highly pathogenic zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) that the world has witnessed in the last 2 decades. Infection with highly pathogenic human CoVs often results in a severe respiratory disease characterized by a delayed and blunted interferon (IFN) response, accompanied by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. This indicates that CoVs developed effective mechanisms to overcome the host innate immune response and promote viral replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the key innate immune signaling pathways that are activated during infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other well studied pathogenic CoVs. In addition, we summarize the main strategies that these viruses employ to modulate the host immune responses through the antagonism of IFN induction and effector pathways.

中文翻译：

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严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 型和其他冠状病毒对先天免疫激活的控制

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行正在持续，这是一场规模空前的公共卫生危机。继2002年出现SARS-CoV-1和2012年出现中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）之后，这是过去20年世界上第三次爆发高致病性人畜共患冠状病毒（CoV） 。高致病性人类冠状病毒感染通常会导致严重的呼吸道疾病，其特征是干扰素（IFN）反应延迟和减弱，并伴有促炎细胞因子的过量产生。这表明冠状病毒形成了有效的机制来克服宿主先天免疫反应并促进病毒复制和发病。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 SARS-CoV-2 和其他经过充分研究的致病性 CoV 感染期间激活的关键先天免疫信号通路。此外，我们总结了这些病毒通过拮抗干扰素诱导和效应途径来调节宿主免疫反应的主要策略。