One commonly acknowledged role of working memory is to set up conditions for new learning. Yet, it has long been understood that there is not a perfect correspondence between conditions leading to good immediate recall from working memory and conditions leading to good delayed recall from long-term memory. Here, in six experiments, we investigated the relation between grouping effects in immediate and delayed reconstruction of order for word lists. There has been a striking absence of tests of grouping effects in long-term memory. In the first four experiments, items within groups are presented concurrently, which encourages associations between items in a group. Despite that presumably favorable situation for group learning, in Experiments 1 and 2 we found effects of grouping only in immediate order reconstruction and not in delayed reconstruction. When more processing time was allowed (Experiments 3 & 4), grouping effects in both immediate and delayed order reconstruction were obtained. Experiment 5 showed that, with items presented one at a time, but with roughly the same amount of processing time and spatial separation as the previous two experiments, grouping effects were obtained neither in immediate order reconstruction nor in delayed reconstruction. However, in Experiment 6 with a more salient manipulation of grouping, effects of grouping were obtained in immediate order reconstruction, but not in delayed reconstruction. In sum, we demonstrated for the first time that there are mechanisms of temporal grouping that assist working memory but are relatively ineffective for long-term learning, in contrast to more effective, concurrent presentation.

工作记忆的一个普遍公认的作用是为新的学习创造条件。然而，人们早就明白，在导致从工作记忆中获得良好的即时回忆的条件与导致从长期记忆中获得良好的延迟回忆的条件之间没有完美的对应关系。在这里，在六个实验中，我们研究了单词列表顺序的即时和延迟重建中的分组效应之间的关系。长期记忆中的分组效应测试明显缺乏。在前四个实验中，组内的项目同时呈现，这鼓励了组内项目之间的关联。尽管可能有利于小组学习的情况，在实验 1 和 2 中，我们发现分组仅在立即顺序重建中而不是在延迟重建中的影响。当允许更多的处理时间时（实验 3 和 4），获得了立即和延迟顺序重建的分组效果。实验 5 表明，一次呈现一个项目，但处理时间和空间分离量与前两个实验大致相同，在立即顺序重建和延迟重建中都没有获得分组效果。然而，在对分组进行更显着操作的实验 6 中，在立即顺序重建中获得了分组效果，而在延迟重建中则没有。总共，