Climate change and associated glacier recession have led to the formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones across the Himalayas. Many pose a potential glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) threat to downstream communities and infrastructure. In this paper, 4418 glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayan Region and 636 transboundary lakes are analyzed. We consider hazard, exposure, and integrated danger levels using robust geographic information system-based automated approaches. The hazard level of lakes was estimated based on the potential for avalanches to strike the lake, size of the lake and its upstream watershed, and distal slope of its dam. Exposure levels were calculated by intersecting cropland, roads, hydropower projects, and the human population with potential GLOF trajectories. Then, GLOF danger was determined as a function of hazard and exposure. The study demonstrates that Jammu and Kashmir (JK) is potentially the most threatened region in terms of total number of very high and high danger lakes (n = 556), followed by Arunachal Pradesh (AP) (n = 388) and Sikkim (SK) (n = 219). Sectorwise, JK faces the greatest GLOF threat to roads and population, whereas the threat to cropland and hydropower is greatest in AP and SK, respectively. Transboundary lakes primarily threaten AP and, to a lesser extent, Himachal Pradesh (HP). For Uttarakhand (UK), the impacts of potential future glacial lakes, expected to form during rapid ongoing glacier recession because of climate change, are explored. Finally, a comparison of current results with previous studies suggests that 13 lakes in SK, 5 in HP, 4 in JK, 2 in UK, and 1 in AP are of highest priority for local investigation and potential risk reduction measures. Current results are of vital importance to policymakers, disaster management authorities, and the scientific community.

中文翻译：

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印度喜马拉雅地区冰川湖溃决洪水危险的部门评估

气候变化和相关的冰川衰退导致了新冰川湖的形成以及喜马拉雅山脉现有冰川湖的扩张。许多对下游社区和基础设施构成潜在的冰川湖溃决洪水 (GLOF) 威胁。本文分析了印度喜马拉雅地区4418个冰川湖和636个跨界湖泊。我们使用基于地理信息系统的强大自动化方法来考虑危险、暴露和综合危险级别。湖泊的危险程度是根据雪崩袭击湖泊的可能性、湖泊及其上游流域的大小以及大坝远端坡度估算的。暴露水平是通过将农田、道路、水电项目和具有潜在 GLOF 轨迹的人口相交来计算的。然后，GLOF 危险被确定为危险和暴露的函数。研究表明，就非常高和高危险湖泊的总数（n = 556）而言，查谟和克什米尔（JK）可能是受威胁最严重的地区，其次是阿鲁纳恰尔邦（AP）（n = 388）和锡金（SK） ) (n = 219)。从部门来看，JK 面临着最大的 GLOF 对道路和人口的威胁，而对农田和水电的威胁分别在 AP 和 SK。跨界湖泊主要威胁 AP，并在较小程度上威胁喜马偕尔邦 (HP)。对于北阿坎德邦（英国），探索了未来潜在的冰川湖的影响，这些冰川湖预计将在由于气候变化而迅速持续的冰川衰退期间形成。最后，将当前结果与以前的研究进行比较表明，SK 有 13 个湖泊，HP 有 5 个，JK 有 4 个，英国有 2 个，AP 中的 1 和 1 是当地调查和潜在风险降低措施的最高优先级。当前的结果对决策者、灾害管理当局和科学界至关重要。