European mountain regions have already been impacted by climate change, and this is projected to increase in the future. These mountain regions experience rapid changes, which influence social-ecological systems in the lower-mountain and floodplain regions of Europe. There is scattered evidence across different strands of academic literature on the ways in which the impacts of changing climate in mountain regions are addressed and adaptive capacity is enhanced. Using a systematic mapping review, we mapped English-language scientific journal articles that analyzed the climate change adaptation options that are planned or implemented in European mountain regions. Our understanding of how academic literature has investigated climate change adaptation is critical to identifying key knowledge gaps and research foci. Following the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses in environmental research protocol, 72 scientific articles published between January 2011 and August 2019 were identified from a total of 702 scientific articles. Our findings show that existing academic literature has a strong focus on the western and southern European mountains: the European Alps (n = 24), Pyrenees (n = 11), and Sierra Nevada (n = 4). Key climate impacts reported for the biophysical systems include reduction in forest carbon, soil erosion, changes in vegetation patterns, and changes in plant population and tree heights; in human systems, these include water availability, agricultural production, changes in viticulture, and impacts on tourism. Key adaptation options reported in this article are wetland conservation options, changing cropping and cultivation cycles, tree species management strategies, and snow-making technology. We found very few articles analyzing governance responses to planning and implementing adaptation; these had a strong bias toward techno-managerial responses. We conclude that, while climate impacts are substantial in European mountain regions, there are knowledge gaps in academic literature that need to be addressed.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲山区系统的气候变化适应：学术研究的系统图

欧洲山区已经受到气候变化的影响，预计未来还会增加。这些山区经历了迅速的变化，影响了欧洲低山和洪泛区的社会生态系统。关于如何应对山区气候变化的影响和增强适应能力的不同学术文献，有零星的证据。我们使用系统制图审查，绘制了分析欧洲山区计划或实施的气候变化适应选项的英文科学期刊文章。我们对学术文献如何调查气候变化适应的理解对于确定关键知识差距和研究重点至关重要。遵循环境研究协议中系统证据综合报告标准，从总共 702 篇科学文章中确定了 2011 年 1 月至 2019 年 8 月期间发表的 72 篇科学文章。我们的研究结果表明，现有的学术文献非常关注欧洲西部和南部的山脉：欧洲阿尔卑斯山（n = 24）、比利牛斯山脉（n = 11）和内华达山脉（n = 4）。为生物物理系统报告的主要气候影响包括森林碳减少、土壤侵蚀、植被模式变化以及植物种群和树木高度的变化；在人类系统中，这些包括水资源供应、农业生产、葡萄栽培的变化以及对旅游业的影响。本文报告的主要适应选项是湿地保护选项，改变种植和栽培周期、树种管理策略和造雪技术。我们发现很少有文章分析治理对规划和实施适应的反应；这些对技术管理响应有很强的偏见。我们得出的结论是，虽然欧洲山区的气候影响很大，但学术文献中存在需要解决的知识差距。