Effective recycling of spent perovskite solar modules will further reduce the energy requirements and environmental consequences of their production and deployment, thus facilitating their sustainable development. Here, through ‘cradle-to-grave’ life cycle assessments of a variety of perovskite solar cell architectures, we report that substrates with conducting oxides and energy-intensive heating processes are the largest contributors to primary energy consumption, global warming potential and other types of impact. We therefore focus on these materials and processes when expanding to ‘cradle-to-cradle’ analyses with recycling as the end-of-life scenario. Our results reveal that recycling strategies can lead to a decrease of up to 72.6% in energy payback time and a reduction of 71.2% in greenhouse gas emission factor. The best recycled module architecture can exhibit an extremely small energy payback time of 0.09 years and a greenhouse gas emission factor as low as 13.4 g CO₂ equivalent per kWh; it therefore outcompetes all other rivals, including the market-leading silicon at 1.3–2.4 years and 22.1–38.1 g CO₂ equivalent per kWh. Finally, we use sensitivity analyses to highlight the importance of prolonging device lifetime and to quantify the effects of uncertainty induced by the still immature manufacturing processes, changing operating conditions and individual differences for each module.

废钙钛矿太阳能组件的有效回收将进一步降低其生产和部署的能源需求和环境后果，从而促进其可持续发展。在这里，通过对各种钙钛矿太阳能电池架构的“从摇篮到坟墓”的生命周期评估，我们报告说，具有导电氧化物和能源密集型加热过程的基板是主要能源消耗、全球变暖潜势和其他类型的最大贡献者的影响。因此，在扩展到“从摇篮到摇篮”的分析时，我们将重点放在这些材料和工艺上，并将回收作为报废情景。我们的结果表明，回收策略可以使能源回收时间减少 72.6%，温室气体排放因子减少 71.2%。每千瓦时₂当量；因此它outcompetes所有其他竞争对手，包括在1.3-2.4年市场领先的硅和22.1-38.1克CO ₂当量每千瓦时。最后，我们使用敏感性分析来强调延长设备寿命的重要性，并量化由仍然不成熟的制造工艺、不断变化的操作条件和每个模块的个体差异引起的不确定性的影响。