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Chemical defence effective against multiple enemies: Does the response to conspecifics alleviate the response to predators?
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13870 Bálint Üveges 1 , Anna C. Basson 1, 2 , Ágnes M. Móricz 3 , Veronika Bókony 1 , Attila Hettyey 1
中文翻译：
对多种敌人有效的化学防御：对同类的反应是否会减轻对捕食者的反应？
更新日期：2021-06-24
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13870 Bálint Üveges 1 , Anna C. Basson 1, 2 , Ágnes M. Móricz 3 , Veronika Bókony 1 , Attila Hettyey 1
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- Animals living in groups with high conspecific densities typically decrease their level of plastic anti-predatory defence because its benefits diminish with reduced per capita predation risk (a benefit of aggregation), whereas its costs increase due to intensifying competition and increased infection risk. Furthermore, phenotypic responses that provide protection from predators are also often disadvantageous against competitors and infections.
- Such a trade-off may be absent when the same phenotype provides an effective defence against both predators and competitors, as is the case with some chemical defences. For such multifunctional defensive traits, both predation risk and high conspecific density are expected to increase defence expression while exposure to both predators and conspecifics may result in non-additive effects whereby the defence level induced by two enemies is lower than the sum of responses induced by either of them alone.
- We tested this theoretical prediction by studying the effects of multiple enemies on chemical defence in a vertebrate animal. We investigated patterns of change in toxin production of common toad Bufo bufo tadpoles following exposure to different conspecific densities and the simultaneous presence or absence of chemical cues on predation risk.
- We found that tadpoles significantly increased their production of bufadienolide toxins in response to high tadpole density, as well as to predation risk when tadpole density was low. Although the response in bufadienolide production to predation risk was not significant at high tadpole density, the magnitude of anti-predatory response did not differ significantly between low and high tadpole densities.
- These results show that toad tadpoles adjust their chemical defence to conspecific density and to predation risk simultaneously, and these two effects are more likely additive than non-additive, at least within the range of densities and predation-risk levels studied here. Nevertheless, the trend we found suggests that toxin levels induced by very high conspecific density might weaken the chemical response to predators, which is relevant for the evolutionary ecology of chemical defences, as well as for the conservation of fauna impacted by toxic invaders.
中文翻译：
对多种敌人有效的化学防御：对同类的反应是否会减轻对捕食者的反应？
- 生活在具有高同种密度的群体中的动物通常会降低它们的塑料反捕食防御水平，因为它的好处随着人均捕食风险的降低（聚集的好处）而减少，而其成本由于竞争加剧和感染风险增加而增加。此外，提供保护免受捕食者侵害的表型反应通常也对竞争者和感染不利。
- 当相同的表型提供对捕食者和竞争者的有效防御时，这种权衡可能不存在，就像一些化学防御的情况一样。对于这种多功能防御性状，捕食风险和高同种密度预计会增加防御表达，而同时暴露于捕食者和同种动物可能会导致非加性效应，即两个敌人引起的防御水平低于由两个敌人引起的反应总和。他们中的任何一个。
- 我们通过研究多种敌人对脊椎动物化学防御的影响来测试这一理论预测。我们调查了普通蟾蜍蟾蜍蝌蚪在暴露于不同的同种密度以及同时存在或不存在有关捕食风险的化学线索后毒素产生的变化模式。
- 我们发现，当蝌蚪密度高时，蝌蚪会显着增加其蟾蜍二烯内酯毒素的产生，以及当蝌蚪密度低时的捕食风险。虽然蟾蜍二烯内酯生产对捕食风险的反应在高蝌蚪密度下并不显着，但在低密度和高密度蝌蚪之间，抗捕食反应的程度没有显着差异。
- 这些结果表明，蟾蜍蝌蚪同时将其化学防御调整为同种密度和捕食风险，并且这两种效应更可能是加性而不是非加性，至少在此处研究的密度和捕食风险水平范围内。尽管如此，我们发现的趋势表明，由非常高的同种密度引起的毒素水平可能会削弱对捕食者的化学反应，这与化学防御的进化生态学以及受有毒入侵者影响的动物群的保护有关。
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