In this study, 1-month continuous radiosonde observational data were applied to present the low-altitude vertical structures and their evolutions over the Central Taklimakan Desert (CTD). The primary focus is to highlight the vertical structures near the ground with the high-resolution (10 m in height and 6 hr in time) radiosonde data. One of the unique features evident in our results is an obvious diurnal transition in lower layers near the ground due to strong surface heating or cooling. Unlike a traditional vertical structure in the boundary layer observed over a nondesert surface, both superadiabatic and inversion layers are distinct during the day. More specifically, the superadiabatic layer is obvious in the daytime because of strong solar radiation over the desert, and the superadiabatic can reach up to 0.2 km. In contrast, an apparent inversion layer forms in the nighttime due to the surface cooling. It is found that the surface forcing mainly dominates the structures in the boundary layer. At last, the vertical structures from the observations are compared with those from the ERA-Interim and MERRA2 reanalysis data sets. The results indicate that both reanalysis products can provide similar vertical profile patterns and diurnal variations. However, the diurnal transitions of temperature and wind profiles over the CTD are underestimated severely by both reanalysis data. Besides, the reanalysis data sets completely miss the superadiabatic near the ground in the daytime.

中文翻译：

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夏季中塔克拉玛干沙漠低空大气垂直结构研究

在这项研究中，应用1个月的连续无线电探空仪观测数据来呈现塔克拉玛干中部沙漠（CTD）上空的低空垂直结构及其演变。主要重点是用高分辨率（高 10 m，时间 6 小时）无线电探空仪数据突出显示靠近地面的垂直结构。在我们的结果中明显的独特特征之一是由于强烈的地表加热或冷却，在靠近地面的较低层中出现明显的昼夜变化。与在非沙漠表面观察到的边界层中的传统垂直结构不同，超绝热层和逆温层在白天是不同的。更具体地说，由于沙漠上空强烈的太阳辐射，超绝热层在白天很明显，超绝热层可达0.2公里。相比之下，由于表面冷却，在夜间形成明显的逆温层。发现表面强迫主要支配边界层中的结构。最后，将观测的垂直结构与 ERA-Interim 和 MERRA2 再分析数据集的垂直结构进行比较。结果表明，这两种再分析产品都可以提供相似的垂直剖面模式和日变化。然而，这两种再分析数据都严重低估了 CTD 上温度和风廓线的日变化。此外，再分析数据集完全错过了白天靠近地面的超绝热。将观测的垂直结构与 ERA-Interim 和 MERRA2 再分析数据集的垂直结构进行比较。结果表明，这两种再分析产品都可以提供相似的垂直剖面模式和日变化。然而，这两种再分析数据都严重低估了 CTD 上温度和风廓线的日变化。此外，再分析数据集完全错过了白天靠近地面的超绝热。将观测的垂直结构与 ERA-Interim 和 MERRA2 再分析数据集的垂直结构进行比较。结果表明，这两种再分析产品都可以提供相似的垂直剖面模式和日变化。然而，这两种再分析数据都严重低估了 CTD 上温度和风廓线的日变化。此外，再分析数据集完全错过了白天靠近地面的超绝热。