Recent research in Paralympic biomechanics has offered opportunities for coaches, athletes, and sports practitioners to optimize training and performance, and recent systematic reviews have served to summarize the state of the evidence connecting biomechanics to Paralympic performance. This narrative review serves to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the evidence related to biomechanics and Paralympic performance published since 2016. The main themes within this review focus on sport-specific body posture: the standing, sitting, and horizontal positions of current summer Paralympic sports. For standing sports, sprint and jump mechanics were assessed in athletes with cerebral palsy and in lower-limb amputee athletes using running-specific prostheses. Our findings suggest that running and jumping-specific prostheses should be ‘tuned’ to each athlete depending on specific event demands to optimize performance. Standing sports were also inclusive to athletes with visual impairments. Sitting sports comprise of athletes performing on a bike, in a wheelchair (WC), or in a boat. WC configuration is deemed an important consideration for injury prevention, mobility, and performance. Other sitting sports like hand-cycling, rowing, and canoeing/kayaking should focus on specific sitting positions (e.g., arm-crank position, grip, or seat configuration) and ways to reduce aero/hydrodynamic drag. Para-swimming practitioners should consider athlete-specific impairments, including asymmetrical anthropometrics, on the swim-start and free-swim velocities, with special considerations for drag factors. Taken together, we provide practitioners working in Paralympic sport with specific considerations on disability and event-specific training modalities and equipment configurations to optimize performance from a biomechanical perspective.

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生物力学如何改善残奥会运动员的身体准备和表现？叙事评论

残奥会生物力学的最新研究为教练员、运动员和运动从业者提供了优化训练和表现的机会，最近的系统评价有助于总结将生物力学与残奥会表现联系起来的证据状态。这篇叙述性评论旨在对自 2016 年以来发表的与生物力学和残奥会表现相关的证据进行全面和批判性的评估。 该评论的主要主题集中在运动特定的身体姿势：当前夏季残奥会的站立、坐姿和水平姿势运动的。对于站立运动，短跑和跳跃力学在脑瘫运动员和使用跑步专用假肢的下肢截肢运动员中进行了评估。我们的研究结果表明，跑步和跳跃特定的假肢应该根据特定的事件需求“调整”到每个运动员，以优化表现。站立运动也适用于有视力障碍的运动员。坐姿运动包括骑自行车、坐轮椅 (WC) 或在船上表演的运动员。WC 配置被认为是伤害预防、移动性和性能的重要考虑因素。其他坐姿运动，如手车、划船和划独木舟/皮划艇，应侧重于特定的坐姿（例如，曲柄位置、抓地力或座椅配置）和减少空气/流体阻力的方法。残障游泳从业者应考虑运动员特有的障碍，包括不对称的人体测量学、游泳起点和自由游泳速度，并特别考虑阻力因素。