In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C–H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.

在过去十年中，有机合成领域在光氧化还原催化、电化学、C-H 活化、还原偶联和流动化学等领域取得了巨大进步。虽然这些方法和技术在简化合成方面提供了许多战略优势，但它们在工艺规模上的应用因几个因素而变得复杂。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了将这些反应类别和/或流动化学技术从以毫克规模运行的研究实验室转移到能够生产千克产品的反应器时出现的挑战。我们讨论了如何通过化学和工程解决方案克服这些挑战。具体来说，