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Submerged cage aquaculture of marine fish: A review of the biological challenges and opportunities
Reviews in Aquaculture ( IF 8.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-22 , DOI: 10.1111/raq.12587
Michael Sievers 1, 2 , Øyvind Korsøen 1, 3 , Fletcher Warren‐Myers 4 , Frode Oppedal 1 , Georgia Macaulay 4 , Ole Folkedal 1 , Tim Dempster 4
Affiliation  

Surface-based cages are the dominant production technology for the marine finfish aquaculture industry. However, issues such as extreme weather events, poor environmental conditions, interactions with parasites, and conflicts with other coastal users are problematic for surface-based aquaculture. Submerged cages may reduce many of these problems and commercial interest in their use has increased. However, a broad synthesis of research into the effects of submerged culture on fish is lacking. Here, we review the current status of submerged fish farming worldwide, outline the biological challenges that fish with fundamentally different buoyancy control physiologies face in submerged culture, and discuss production benefits and problems that might arise from submerged fish farming. Our findings suggest that fish with closed swim bladders, and fish without swim bladders, may be well-suited to submerged culture. However, for fish with open swim bladders, such as salmonids, submergence is more complex as they require access to surface air to refill their swim bladders and maintain buoyancy. Growth and welfare of open swim bladder fish can be compromised by submergence for long periods due to complications with buoyancy regulation, but the recent addition of underwater air domes to submerged cages can alleviate this issue. Despite this advance, a greater understanding of how to couple advantageous environmental conditions with submerged culture to improve fish growth and welfare over the commercial production cycle is required if submerged cages are to become a viable alternative to surface-based cage aquaculture.

中文翻译:

海洋鱼类网箱养殖:生物学挑战与机遇综述

水面网箱是海水鱼类养殖业的主要生产技术。然而,诸如极端天气事件、恶劣的环境条件、与寄生虫的相互作用以及与其他沿海使用者的冲突等问题对地表水产养殖来说是个问题。水下笼子可以减少许多这些问题,并且对其使用的商业兴趣增加了。然而,缺乏对水下养殖对鱼类影响的广泛研究。在这里,我们回顾了全球水下鱼类养殖的现状,概述了具有根本不同浮力控制生理学的鱼类在水下养殖中面临的生物学挑战,并讨论了水下鱼类养殖可能产生的生产效益和问题。我们的研究结果表明,鱼鳔封闭,和没有鱼鳔的鱼,可能非常适合水下养殖。然而,对于鲑鱼等鱼鳔敞开的鱼来说,下潜更为复杂,因为它们需要接触表面空气来重新填充鱼鳔并保持浮力。由于浮力调节的并发症,开放式鳔鱼的生长和福利可能会因长期淹没而受到影响,但最近在水下笼子中增加了水下气罩可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。对于鱼鳔敞开的鱼,如鲑鱼,下潜更为复杂,因为它们需要接触表面空气来重新填充鱼鳔并保持浮力。由于浮力调节的并发症,开放式鳔鱼的生长和福利可能会因长期淹没而受到影响,但最近在水下笼子中增加了水下气罩可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。对于鱼鳔敞开的鱼,如鲑鱼,下潜更为复杂,因为它们需要接触表面空气来重新填充鱼鳔并保持浮力。由于浮力调节的并发症,开放式鳔鱼的生长和福利可能会因长期淹没而受到影响,但最近在水下笼子中增加了水下气罩可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。淹没更复杂,因为它们需要接触表面空气来重新填充它们的鱼鳔并保持浮力。由于浮力调节的并发症,开放式鳔鱼的生长和福利可能会因长期淹没而受到影响,但最近在水下笼子中增加了水下气罩可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。淹没更复杂,因为它们需要接触表面空气来重新填充它们的鱼鳔并保持浮力。由于浮力调节的并发症,开放式鳔鱼的生长和福利可能会因长期淹没而受到影响,但最近在水下笼子中增加了水下气罩可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。但是最近在水下笼子中增加了水下空气穹顶可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。但是最近在水下笼子中增加了水下空气穹顶可以缓解这个问题。尽管取得了这一进展,但如果要使水下网箱成为水面网箱养殖的可行替代方案,则需要更深入地了解如何将有利的环境条件与水下养殖相结合,以改善鱼类在商业生产周期中的生长和福利。
更新日期:2021-06-22
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