Understanding how geographic and environmental heterogeneity drive local patterns of genetic variation is a major goal of ecological genomics and a key question in evolutionary biology. The tropical Andes and inter-Andean valleys are shaped by markedly heterogeneous landscapes, where species experience strong selective processes. We examined genome-wide SNP data together with behavioural and ecological traits (mating calls and body size) known to contribute to genetic isolation in anurans in the banana tree-dwelling frog, Boana platanera, distributed across an environmental gradient in Central Colombia (northern South America). Here, we analysed the relationships between environmentally (temperature and precipitation) associated genetic and phenotypic differentiation and the potential drivers of isolation by environment along an elevation gradient. We identified candidate SNPs associated with temperature and body size, which follow a clinal pattern of genome-wide differentiation tightly coupled with phenotypic variation: as elevation increases, B. platanera exhibits larger body size and longer call duration with more pulses but lower pulse rate and frequency. Thus, the environmental landscape has rendered a scenario where isolation by environment and candidate loci show concordance with phenotypic divergence in this tropical frog along an elevation gradient in the Colombian Andes. Our study sets the basis for evaluating the role of temperature in the genetic structure and local adaptation in tropical treefrogs and its putative effect on life cycle (embryos, tadpoles, adults) along elevation gradients.

中文翻译：

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新热带树蛙沿海拔梯度环境隔离的表型和基因组多样化

了解地理和环境异质性如何驱动遗传变异的局部模式是生态基因组学的一个主要目标，也是进化生物学中的一个关键问题。热带安第斯山脉和安第斯山脉之间的山谷由明显异质的景观形成，其中物种经历了强烈的选择过程。我们检查了全基因组 SNP 数据以及已知有助于香蕉树蛙Boana platanera 无尾目遗传隔离的行为和生态特征（交配叫声和体型），分布在哥伦比亚中部（南美洲北部）的环境梯度中。在这里，我们分析了环境（温度和降水）相关的遗传和表型分化与环境沿海拔梯度隔离的潜在驱动因素之间的关系。我们确定了与温度和体型相关的候选 SNP，它们遵循与表型变异紧密结合的全基因组分化的临床模式：随着海拔的增加，B . 普拉塔内拉表现出更大的体型和更长的呼叫持续时间，脉冲更多，但脉搏率和频率较低。因此，环境景观呈现出这样一种情景：环境隔离和候选位点与哥伦比亚安第斯山脉海拔梯度上的这种热带青蛙的表型差异一致。我们的研究为评估温度在热带树蛙遗传结构和局部适应中的作用及其对沿海拔梯度的生命周期（胚胎、蝌蚪、成虫）的推定影响奠定了基础。