This study compares the amount of available biomass for wild herbivores (red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), and hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas)) depending on three different types of forest silvicultural systems—presented using the example of beech and spruce stands in wintertime. During the winter period, spruce provided ten times more biomass for herbivores than beech. However, beech provided more metabolizable energy, 7.38 MJ/kg on average, whereas spruce only provided 6.57 MJ/kg. From the point of view of “risk of damage by herbivores”, artificial regeneration suffered the worst damage after using the Clear Cutting method of forest regeneration, as there was the least amount of biomass available, and thus, herbivores caused the greatest damage. On average, 12% of shoots were damaged in clearings. Most at risk was young forest vegetation up to 1 m tall. In summer, the area was overgrown with available plants, but in winter, the herbivores focused mainly on eating woody shoots. Damage to the natural regeneration when using the Shelterwood Cutting and Strip Cutting regeneration methods ranged up to 3%. At the same time, a high amount of available biomass was measured there, most likely due to its frequent natural regeneration. Thus, both types of trees regenerated in this way were not as susceptible to damage by herbivores as when regenerated using the Clear Cutting method.

中文翻译：

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野生草食动物的冬季食物供应取决于森林再生的类型

本研究比较了野生食草动物（马鹿 ( Cervus elaphus L.)、狍 ( Capreolus capreolus L.) 和野兔 ( Lepus europaeus )的可用生物量Pallas)) 取决于三种不同类型的森林造林系统——以冬季的山毛榉和云杉林为例。在冬季，云杉为食草动物提供的生物量是山毛榉的 10 倍。然而，山毛榉提供了更多的代谢能，平均为 7.38 MJ/kg，而云杉仅提供 6.57 MJ/kg。从“食草动物损害风险”的角度来看，人工再生在使用林木再生的明伐法后受到的损害最严重，因为可利用的生物量最少，因此食草动物造成的损害最大。平均而言，12% 的枝条在空地中受损。风险最大的是高达 1 m 的年轻森林植被。夏季，该地区长满了可利用的植物，但在冬季，食草动物主要以木本枝条为食。使用 Shelterwood 切割和条带切割再生方法时对自然再生的损害范围高达 3%。与此同时，在那里测量到了大量的可用生物量，很可能是由于其频繁的自然再生。因此，以这种方式再生的两种类型的树木都不像使用清除切割方法再生时那样容易受到食草动物的损害。