The assumed evolutionary advantage of dominance is increased reproductive success. However, the efficacy of dominance as a mating strategy may be interrupted by any number of variables including female choice, estrous synchrony, and mating by non-troop males. In Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), there is evidence both for and against dominance as conferring reproductive success for adult males, with many discussions pointing to the importance of female choice in governing reproductive success in certain populations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate dominance-based versus female choice-based male behavioral strategies and their impact on reproductive success. This study was conducted on a group of Japanese macaques at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. We collected a total of 512 h of behavioral data across two summer study periods in 2018 and 2019. We conducted 15-min focal follows with 1-min instantaneous scans on 17 adult males. Reproductive data were available from genetic records. Using principal components analysis (PCA), we identified males that cluster according to similar behavioral strategies. We then used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and non-parametric ANOVA on ranks to ascertain significant variation in rank and reproductive success between clusters. We found that males that clustered based on high directed aggression held higher rank than less-aggressive male clusters (F = 27.21, df = 4, p < .0001). However, less aggressive male clusters had higher reproductive success (F = 3.50, df = 4, p = .04). There was no variation between affiliative clusters in reproductive success (F = 1.77, df = 3, p = .15). The highly aggressive strategy is effective for attaining high rank, but only resulted in high reproductive success for a single male which likely necessitates alternative strategies. We suggest the operation of female choice within this population, with females preferentially mating with males who are not only affiliative but also less aggressive.

中文翻译：

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半自由放养成年雄性日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）的优势等级、雌性选择和繁殖成功

假定的优势进化优势是提高繁殖成功率。然而，优势作为交配策略的有效性可能会被任何数量的变量中断，包括雌性选择、发情同步和非部队雄性交配。在日本猕猴 ( Macaca fuscata ) 中，有证据支持和反对赋予成年雄性繁殖成功的优势，许多讨论都指出雌性选择在某些人群中控制繁殖成功的重要性。在这项研究中，我们旨在评估基于支配地位的与基于女性选择的男性行为策略及其对生殖成功的影响。这项研究是在俄勒冈国家灵长类动物研究中心对一组日本猕猴进行的。我们在 2018 年和 2019 年的两个夏季研究期间共收集了 512 小时的行为数据。我们对 17 名成年男性进行了 15 分钟的焦点跟踪和 1 分钟的瞬时扫描。生殖数据可从遗传记录中获得。使用主成分分析 (PCA)，我们确定了根据类似行为策略进行聚类的男性。然后，我们在等级上使用方差分析 (ANOVA) 和非参数 ANOVA 来确定集群之间等级和繁殖成功率的显着变化。我们发现，基于高定向攻击性聚集的雄性比攻击性较低的雄性集群具有更高的等级。F  = 27.21，df  = 4，p  < .0001）。然而，攻击性较小的雄性集群具有更高的繁殖成功率（F  = 3.50，df  = 4，p  = .04）。在繁殖成功率方面，附属集群之间没有差异（F  = 1.77，df  = 3，p  = .15）。高度激进的策略对于获得高等级是有效的，但只会导致单身男性的高繁殖成功，这可能需要其他策略。我们建议在这个群体中进行雌性选择，雌性优先与不仅有亲和力而且攻击性较低的雄性交配。