Tooth-related diseases and tooth loss are widespread and are a major public health issue. The loss of teeth can affect chewing, speech, appearance and even psychology. Therefore, the science of tooth regeneration has emerged, and attention has focused on tooth regeneration based on the principles of tooth development and stem cells combined with tissue engineering technology. As undifferentiated stem cells in normal tooth tissues, dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs), which are a desirable source of autologous stem cells, play a significant role in tooth regeneration. Researchers hope to reconstruct the complete tooth tissues with normal functions and vascularization by utilizing the odontogenic differentiation potential of DMSCs. Moreover, DMSCs also have the ability to differentiate towards cells of other tissue types due to their multipotency. This review focuses on the multipotential capacity of DMSCs to differentiate into various tissues, such as bone, cartilage, tendon, vessels, neural tissues, muscle-like tissues, hepatic-like tissues, eye tissues and glands and the influence of various regulatory factors, such as non-coding RNAs, signaling pathways, inflammation, aging and exosomes, on the odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of DMSCs in tooth regeneration. The application of DMSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering will be improved if the differentiation characteristics of DMSCs can be fully utilized, and the factors that regulate their differentiation can be well controlled.

中文翻译：

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牙源性干细胞的多分化潜能。

与牙齿有关的疾病和牙齿脱落很普遍，是一个主要的公共卫生问题。牙齿缺失会影响咀嚼、言语、外表甚至心理。因此，牙齿再生科学应运而生，基于牙齿发育原理和干细胞结合组织工程技术的牙齿再生受到关注。作为正常牙齿组织中未分化的干细胞，牙间充质干细胞 (DMSC) 是一种理想的自体干细胞来源，在牙齿再生中发挥着重要作用。研究人员希望利用DMSCs的牙源性分化潜能，重建功能正常、血管化的完整牙齿组织。此外，DMSCs 还具有向其他组织类型细胞分化的能力，因为它们具有多能性。本综述重点关注 DMSCs 分化成各种组织的多潜能能力，如骨、软骨、肌腱、血管、神经组织、肌肉样组织、肝样组织、眼组织和腺体，以及各种调节因素的影响，例如非编码 RNA、信号通路、炎症、衰老和外泌体，关于 DMSCs 在牙齿再生中的成牙/成骨分化。如果能充分利用DMSCs的分化特性，控制好调控其分化的因素，将促进DMSCs在再生医学和组织工程中的应用。肝样组织、眼组织和腺体，以及各种调节因素，如非编码 RNA、信号通路、炎症、衰老和外泌体，对 DMSCs 在牙齿再生中的成牙/成骨分化的影响。如果能充分利用DMSCs的分化特性，控制好调控其分化的因素，将促进DMSCs在再生医学和组织工程中的应用。肝样组织、眼组织和腺体，以及各种调节因素，如非编码 RNA、信号通路、炎症、衰老和外泌体，对 DMSCs 在牙齿再生中的成牙/成骨分化的影响。如果能充分利用DMSCs的分化特性，控制好调控其分化的因素，将促进DMSCs在再生医学和组织工程中的应用。