Schizophrenia research arose in the twentieth century and is currently rapidly developing, focusing on many parallel research pathways and evaluating various concepts of disease etiology. Today, we have relatively good knowledge about the generation of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially cognitive symptoms, are still poorly understood. Finding new methods to uncover the physiological basis of the mental inabilities related to schizophrenia is an urgent task for modern neuroscience because of the lack of specific therapies for cognitive deficits in the disease. Researchers have begun investigating functional crosstalk between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons associated with schizophrenia at different resolutions. In another direction, the gut microbiota is getting increasing interest from neuroscientists. Recent findings have highlighted the role of a gut-brain axis, with the gut microbiota playing a crucial role in several psychopathologies, including schizophrenia and autism. There have also been investigations into potential therapies aimed at normalizing altered microbiota signaling to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Probiotics diets and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are currently the most common therapies. Interestingly, in rodent models of binge feeding, optogenetic applications have been shown to affect gut colony sensitivity, thus increasing colonic transit. Here, we review recent findings on the gut microbiota–schizophrenia relationship using in vivo optogenetics. Moreover, we evaluate if manipulating actors in either the brain or the gut might improve potential treatment research. Such research and techniques will increase our knowledge of how the gut microbiota can manipulate GABA production, and therefore accompany changes in CNS GABAergic activity.

中文翻译：

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精神分裂症、肠道微生物群和来自肠-脑轴光遗传学操作的新机会

精神分裂症研究兴起于 20 世纪，目前正在迅速发展，重点关注许多平行的研究途径并评估疾病病因学的各种概念。今天，我们对精神分裂症患者阳性和阴性症状的产生有了相对较好的了解。然而，精神分裂症的神经基础和病理生理学，尤其是认知症状，仍然知之甚少。由于缺乏针对该疾病认知缺陷的特定疗法，因此寻找新方法来揭示与精神分裂症相关的精神障碍的生理基础是现代神经科学的一项紧迫任务。研究人员已经开始研究 NMDAR 和与精神分裂症相关的 GABA 能神经元在不同分辨率下的功能性串扰。另一个方向，我们评估操纵大脑或肠道中的参与者是否可能会改善潜在的治疗研究。这些研究和技术将增加我们对肠道微生物群如何控制 GABA 产生的了解，从而伴随 CNS GABAergic 活性的变化。