Paddy production through conventional puddled system of rice cultivation (PTR) is becoming more and more unsustainable—economically and environmentally—as this method is highly resource intensive and these resources are increasingly becoming scarce, and consequently, expensive. The ongoing large-scale shift from puddled system of rice cultivation PTR to direct seeded rice (DSR) necessitates a convergence of breeding, agronomic and other approaches for its sustenance and harnessing natural resources and environmental benefits. Current DSR technology is largely based on agronomic interventions applied to the selected varieties of PTR. In DSR, poor crop establishment due to low germination, lack of DSR-adapted varieties, high weed-nematode incidences and micronutrient deficiency are primary constraints. The approach of this review paper is to discuss the existing evidences related to the DSR technologies. The review highlights a large number of conventionally/molecularly characterized strains amenable to rapid transfer and consolidation along with agronomic refinements, mechanization and water-nutrient-weed management strategies to develop a complete, ready to use DSR package. The review provides information on the traits, donors, genes/QTL needed for DSR and the available DSR-adapted breeding lines. Furthermore, the information is supplemented with a discussion on constrains and needed policies in scaling up the DSR adoption.

中文翻译：

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有效的作物管理和现代育种策略，以确保直播水稻栽培系统下更高的作物生产力：综述

通过传统的水坑水稻种植系统 (PTR) 生产稻谷在经济和​​环境方面变得越来越不可持续，因为这种方法是高度资源密集型的，而且这些资源越来越稀缺，因此价格昂贵。从水稻种植 PTR 的水坑系统到直播水稻 (DSR) 正在进行的大规模转变需要融合育种、农艺和其他方法来维持和利用自然资源和环境效益。当前的 DSR 技术主要基于应用于所选 PTR 品种的农艺干预。在 DSR 中，由于发芽率低、缺乏适应 DSR 的品种、高杂草线虫发病率和微量营养素缺乏导致作物生长不良是主要限制因素。本综述论文的方法是讨论与 DSR 技术相关的现有证据。该综述重点介绍了大量常规/分子特征菌株，这些菌株可通过农艺改进、机械化和水-养分-杂草管理策略进行快速转移和整合，以开发一个完整的、随时可用的 DSR 包。该评论提供了有关 DSR 所需的性状、供体、基因/QTL 和可用的 DSR 适应育种系的信息。此外，还对信息进行了补充，讨论了扩大 DSR 采用的限制和所需政策。机械化和水-养分-杂草管理策略，以开发一个完整的、随时可用的 DSR 包。该评论提供了有关 DSR 所需的性状、供体、基因/QTL 和可用的 DSR 适应育种系的信息。此外，还对信息进行了补充，讨论了扩大 DSR 采用的限制和所需政策。机械化和水-养分-杂草管理策略，以开发一个完整的、随时可用的 DSR 包。该评论提供了有关 DSR 所需的性状、供体、基因/QTL 和可用的 DSR 适应育种系的信息。此外，还对信息进行了补充，讨论了扩大 DSR 采用的限制和所需政策。