Biodiversity exchanges across the Malesian region, linking the distinct biotas of Asia and Australia, have long attracted the curiosity of biologists. Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) has a wide distribution in Asia through the Sunda archipelago to Australia and provides a good case to elucidate floristic exchange between Asia and Australia. Tetrastigma species have fleshy fruits that are consumed by birds, representing a lineage with a predictable dispersal across island chains. We herein estimate the divergence times and reconstruct the biogeographic history of Tetrastigma with intensive taxon sampling (96 of approximately 120 species; >80%) using 10 chloroplast loci. The biogeographic history of Tetrastigma was reconstructed with 4-area and 6-area divisions by delineating the Sunda region into one or three areas of endemism based on a phylogenetic bioregionalization analysis and the geological history of Malesia. The 4-area division shows that Tetrastigma originated in continental Asia and diverged from the recently segregated genus Pseudocayratia in the early Eocene (49.43 Ma). Dispersal from continental Asia might have started in the late Eocene but mainly occurred in the last 10 Myr. Continental Asia is indicated to be the most important source area while Sunda is the biggest sink, with 16 of the 27 dispersal events inferred from continental Asia to Sunda. Only seven dispersal events are inferred arriving in the Sahul plate and one reverse dispersal from Sahul back to Asia. The 6-area division suggests that the Philippines have been an active junction between Asia and Australia. The biogeographic history of Tetrastigma illustrates an asymmetric floristic exchange between Asia and Australia in this genus, which has been facilitated by the formation of terrestrial connections in the late Miocene and the expansion of wet tropical forests across Wallace's Line and beyond.

中文翻译：

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Tetrastigma（葡萄科）的历史生物地理学：对亚洲和澳大利亚之间植物区系交换模式的洞察

跨越马来亚地区的生物多样性交流，将亚洲和澳大利亚的独特生物群联系起来，长期以来一直吸引着生物学家的好奇心。Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) 在亚洲广泛分布，通过巽他群岛到澳大利亚，为阐明亚洲和澳大利亚之间的植物区系交换提供了一个很好的案例。Tetrastigma物种具有被鸟类食用的肉质果实，代表了一个可预测的跨岛链分布的血统。我们在此估计分歧时间并使用 10 个叶绿体基因座通过密集分类单元采样（大约 120 个物种中的 96 个；> 80%）重建Tetrastigma的生物地理历史。Tetrastigma的生物地理历史根据系统发育生物区划分析和马来西亚的地质历史，通过将巽他地区划分为一个或三个特有区域，以 4 区和 6 区划分重建。4 区划分表明，四柱形起源于亚洲大陆，并与最近分离的Pseudocayratia 属不同在始新世早期（49.43 Ma）。亚洲大陆的扩散可能始于始新世晚期，但主要发生在最后 10 Myr。亚洲大陆被认为是最重要的源区，而巽他是最大的汇，从亚洲大陆推断到巽他的 27 次扩散事件中有 16 次。据推测，只有 7 次扩散事件到达 Sahul 板块，1 次反向扩散从 Sahul 回到亚洲。6个区域的划分表明菲律宾一直是亚洲和澳大利亚之间的活跃枢纽。Tetrastigma的生物地理历史说明了该属中亚洲和澳大利亚之间的不对称植物区系交换，这得益于中新世晚期陆地连接的形成以及华莱士线及其他地区湿热带森林的扩张。