Marine sponges have been successful in their expansion across diverse ecological niches around the globe. Pioneering work attributed this success to both a well-developed aquiferous system that allowed for efficient filter feeding on suspended organic matter and the presence of microbial symbionts that can supplement host heterotrophic feeding with photosynthate or dissolved organic carbon. We now know that sponge-microbe interactions are host-specific, highly nuanced, and provide diverse nutritional benefits to the host sponge. Despite these advances in the field, many current hypotheses pertaining to the evolution of these interactions are overly generalized; these over-simplifications limit our understanding of the evolutionary processes shaping these symbioses and how they contribute to the ecological success of sponges on modern coral reefs. To highlight the current state of knowledge in this field, we start with seminal papers and review how contemporary work using higher resolution techniques has both complemented and challenged their early hypotheses. We outline different schools of thought by discussing evidence of symbiont contribution to both host ecological divergence and convergence, nutritional specificity and plasticity, and allopatric and sympatric speciation. Based on this synthesis, we conclude that the evolutionary pressures shaping these interactions are complex, with influences from both external (nutrient limitation and competition) and internal (fitness trade-offs and evolutionary constraints) factors. We outline recent controversies pertaining to these evolutionary pressures and place our current understanding of these interactions into a broader ecological and evolutionary framework. Finally, we propose areas for future research that we believe will lead to important new developments in the field.

中文翻译：

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珊瑚礁上的海绵微生物相互作用：复杂环境的多种进化解决方案。

海洋海绵在全球不同生态位的扩张方面取得了成功。开创性工作将这一成功归功于发达的含水系统，该系统允许对悬浮有机物进行有效的滤食，以及微生物共生体的存在，这些共生体可以用光合产物或溶解的有机碳补充宿主异养饲料。我们现在知道海绵-微生物的相互作用是宿主特异性的、高度细微的，并为宿主海绵提供多种营养益处。尽管在该领域取得了这些进展，但目前许多与这些相互作用的演变有关的假设过于笼统。这些过度简化限制了我们对形成这些共生关系的进化过程以及它们如何促进现代珊瑚礁上海绵的生态成功的理解。为了突出该领域的当前知识状态，我们从开创性论文开始，回顾使用更高分辨率技术的当代工作如何补充和挑战他们早期的假设。我们通过讨论共生体对宿主生态分化和融合、营养特异性和可塑性以及异域和同域物种形成的贡献的证据，概述了不同的思想流派。基于这种综合，我们得出结论，塑造这些相互作用的进化压力是复杂的，受到外部（营养限制和竞争）和内部（健康权衡和进化约束）因素的影响。我们概述了最近与这些进化压力有关的争议，并将我们目前对这些相互作用的理解置于更广泛的生态和进化框架中。最后，我们提出了未来研究的领域，我们认为这些领域将导致该领域的重要新发展。