Mixed infection, risk projection, and misdirection: Interactions among pathogens alter links between host resources and disease,Ecology and Evolution

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Mixed infection, risk projection, and misdirection: Interactions among pathogens alter links between host resources and disease
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-22 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7781
Alexander T Strauss _{1,

2} , Lucas Bowerman ₁ , Anita Porath-Krause ₁ , Eric W Seabloom ₁ , Elizabeth T Borer ₁

Affiliation

A growing body of literature links resources of hosts to their risk of infectious disease. Yet most hosts encounter multiple pathogens, and projections of disease risk based on resource availability could be fundamentally wrong if they do not account for interactions among pathogens within hosts. Here, we measured infection risk of grass hosts (Avena sativa) exposed to three naturally co-occurring viruses either singly or jointly (barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses [B/CYDVs]: CYDV-RPV, BYDV-PAV, and BYDV-SGV) along experimental gradients of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. We asked whether disease risk (i.e., infection prevalence) differed in single versus co-inoculations, and whether these differences varied with rates and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. In single inoculations, the viruses did not respond strongly to nitrogen or phosphorus. However, in co-inoculations, we detected illustrative cases of 1) resource-dependent antagonism (lower prevalence of RPV with increasing N; possibly due to competition), 2) resource-dependent facilitation (higher prevalence of SGV with decreasing N:P; possibly due to immunosuppression), and 3) weak or no interactions within hosts (for PAV). Together, these within-host interactions created emergent patterns for co-inoculated hosts, with both infection prevalence and viral richness increasing with the combination of low nitrogen and high phosphorus supply. We demonstrate that knowledge of multiple pathogens is essential for predicting disease risk from host resources and that projections of risk that fail to acknowledge resource-dependent interactions within hosts could be qualitatively wrong. Expansions of theory from community ecology theory may help anticipate such relationships by linking host resources to diverse pathogen communities.

中文翻译：

混合感染、风险预测和误导：病原体之间的相互作用改变了宿主资源与疾病之间的联系

越来越多的文献将宿主的资源与其感染传染病的风险联系起来。然而，大多数宿主会遇到多种病原体，如果不考虑宿主内病原体之间的相互作用，基于资源可用性的疾病风险预测可能从根本上是错误的。在这里，我们测量了单独或联合暴露于三种自然共存病毒（大麦和谷物黄矮病毒 [B/CYDV]：CYDV-RPV、BYDV-PAV 和 BYDV-SGV）的草宿主 ( Avena sativa ) 的感染风险）沿着氮和磷供应的实验梯度。我们询问单次接种与联合接种的疾病风险（即感染率）是否存在差异，以及这些差异是否随氮磷供应的速率和比例而变化。在单次接种中，病毒对氮或磷没有强烈反应。然而，在联合接种中，我们发现了以下说明性案例：1) 资源依赖性拮抗作用（随着 N 的增加，RPV 的患病率较低；可能是由于竞争），2) 资源依赖性的促进作用（随着 N:P 的减少，SGV 的患病率较高；可能是由于免疫抑制），3）宿主内相互作用较弱或没有（对于 PAV）。总之，这些宿主内部的相互作用为共同接种的宿主创造了新的模式，随着低氮和高磷供应的结合，感染流行率和病毒丰富度都会增加。我们证明，了解多种病原体对于从宿主资源预测疾病风险至关重要，并且未能承认宿主内资源依赖性相互作用的风险预测可能在质量上是错误的。群落生态学理论的扩展可能有助于通过将宿主资源与不同的病原体群落联系起来来预测这种关系。

更新日期：2021-07-21

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